Number Theory

HASSAN ZAHID
SAP ID 5 4481
Group A
 Types of numbers

1.Natural Numbers
2.Whole Numbers
3.Integers
4.Rational Numbers
5.Real Numbers
6.Irrational Numbers
7.Imaginary Numbers
8.Complex Numbers
 Natural number and inteegers

• Natural Numbers (N): The set of natural numbers is often

denoted by the symbol ℕ.
• Integers (Z): The set of integers is often denoted by the
symbol . The “Z” comes from the German word “Zahlen”
which means “numbers”.
 Inteegers

• Binary operation on
• addition
• a,b then a+b (closed)
• 0 is identity element
• It holds assosiative property
• If a then –a
• It hold commutative property.
• So set of integer make group w.r.t addition.
 Natural numbers

• Binary operation Addition in set of natural number

• It is closed w.r.t addition.
• It hold assosiative and commutative property.
 Inverse operation.

• a,b then a-b (closed)

• a,b then a-b a>b this called ordered relation.
• W.r.t multiplication both integers and natural numbers hold closure
property .
• W.r.t division both not hold closure property.
 Law of trichotomy of natural number.

1. a<b a>b a=b

2.a>b,c then a+c>b+
3.
 Number Theory

• Number theory is a type of math that

studies the special qualities of positive
inteegers. It looks at things like prime
numbers, how numbers can be divided
evenly, and a method called modular
arithmetic
 Branches

Elementary Number Theory Algebraic Number Theory

• Elementary number theory is the branch that • Algebraic number theory is a part of math that
explores fundamental properties of integers, takes the ideas from number theory and
including divisibility, primes, and congruences. applies them to special kinds of numbers called
algebraic integers
• like {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
• rational numbers:
• quadratic integers:
• Cubic integers:
 Key Concepts

• Primes and Factorization:

• Primes are integers greater than 1 that have no positive divisors other than 1
and themselves.

• Factorization Example: The prime factorization of 24 is 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 =

 I

• Divisibility :
Deals with the relationship between two integers when one divides the other
with 1 no remainder.
Example: 15 / 3, with reminder 0.

• Modular Arithmetic :
Modular arithmetic deals with the remainder when one integer is divided by
another.

Example: when 13 is divided by 5, the remainder is 3.

 Applications
• Cryptography:
Protects online communication.
• Reliable Data Transmission:
Ensures error-free data transformation.
• Finance:
Ensures the security of financial transactions.
1.Cryptography, hash functions, and random number
generators also heavily use number theory
2.Computer Science and Coding: Although number theory
may seem to have no ‘real-life’ applications at a superficial
glance, its principles and ideas are widely used in
computer science and especially coding
3.Digital Information Processing, Computing, Acoustics, and
Crystallography: Number theory finds applications in these
fields as well.
1.Device Authentication and E-commerce Websites: Number theory is applied
in device authentication and websites for e-commerce.
2.Study of Binary Codes and Related Concepts: Number theory is useful in
the study of binary codes and other related concepts
3.Training in Logical Thinking: Number theory provides valuable training in
logical thinking and studying the relationship between different kinds of
numbers
 Conclusion

• Number theory, exploring how numbers work,

helps keep our online transactions safe
(cryptography), makes sure computers send data
accurately (coding theory), and even contributes
to medical discoveries.
Thank You