Major Project

Presentation
MIDTERM PRESENTATION

Supervisor-
Dr. Anand Agarwal

COURSE CODE Presented by-

Priyanshu Gautam ( 2020KUEC2054 )
ECD 302
Vikram Dongare ( 2020KUEC2060 )
Mohd Junaid ( 2020KUEC2038 )
CONTENTS :-
❏ OUR JOURNEY
❏ INTRODUCTION
❏ LITERATURE SURVEY
❏ BASIC TERMS
❏ IMPLEMENTATION
❏ RESULT
❏ APPLICATIONS
❏ CONCLUSION
❏ REFERENCES
 OUR JOURNEY

STARTING OF
PROJECT

OFDM OFDM-IM MIMO-OFDM MIMO-OFDM

-IM
➢ INTRODUCTION
Recently, the number of multimedia applications and mobile devices have grown
significantly.Such explosive growth has created additional pressure to develop new solutions
to support ever-increasing traffic demands on a limited scale. mobile operators are already
facing congestion in their existing networks. We see that day by day wireless technology is
growing exponentially and there are a lot of ways are being used in present’s technology.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is one of the multi-carrier wireless

communication techniques that is most widely utilised. This serves as the foundation for
multiple input and MIMO-OFDM-IM, OFDM-IM and OFDM. Here, the concepts of OFDM
and OFDM-IM are briefly explained, with the main focus being on the transition from OFDM
to OFDM-IM.
➢ OFDM
● Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a digital modulation technique used for
high-speed data transmission over radio waves.

● OFDM divides a data signal into multiple subcarriers, each modulated with a different
frequency.

● The subcarriers are orthogonal to each other to avoid interference.

● OFDM provides efficient use of bandwidth and improved resistance to interference.

● It is commonly used in wireless communication applications such as Wi-Fi, digital

television, and cellular networks.
OFDM Block diagram:
➢ LITERATURE SURVEY
S. Author’s name Paper title Publication Approach and concept about work
N.

1. Ertuğrul Başar, Orthogonal Frequency IEEE

Ümit Aygölü, Division Multiplexing TRANSACTIONS
Erdal Panayırcı, With Index Modulation ON SIGNAL
H. Vincent Poor PROCESSING,
NOVEMBER 15,
2013

2. B.Keerthi priya , Spectral Efficiency 2017 IEEE

P.Samundiswary and BER Analysis of International
OFDM-IM with M-ary Conference on
QAM under Rayleigh Computational
Fading Channel Intelligence and
Computing
Research

3. Ali Farzamnia, BER Analysis for 2018 10th

Ervin Moung, OFDM Systems with International
Bradly Virus Malitam, Various Modulation Conference on
Manas Kumar Techniques in Communication
Haldar Rayleigh Fading Networks, IEEE
Channel
4. Jovana Mrkic, Hybrid OFDM-IM 26th
Enis Kocan system for BER Telecommunicatio
performance ns forum TELFOR
improvement 2018,
IEEE

5. Rui Fan, Generalization of IEEE

Ya Jun Yu, Orthogonal TRANSACTIONS
Yong Liang Guan Frequency Division ON WIRELESS
Multiplexing With COMMUNICATIO
Index Modulation NS,2015

6. MAHMOUD A Generalized Bit IEEE ACCESS,

ABDULLAHI, Error Rate 2020
AIJUN CAO, Evaluation for
ADNAN ZAFAR, Index Modulation
IBRAHIM A. Based OFDM
HEMADEH System
7. Youngwook Ko A Tight Upper IEEE
Bound on Bit Error COMMUNICATI-
Rate of Joint ONS LETTERS,
OFDM and Multi- VOL. 18, NO. 10,
Carrier Index OCTOBER 2014
Keying

8. Wei-Wen Su and Codebook Design 2020 IEEE 92nd

Jen-Ming Wu for OFDM with In- Vehicular
phase/Quadrature Technology
All Index Conference
Modulation

9. Ibrahim Aboharba, On the 2017 IEEE 30th

Houssein Boud, Performance of Canadian
Quazi Mehbubar OFDM Index Conference on
Rahman and Modulation over Electrical and
Raveendra K. Rao Nakagami Fading Computer
Channels Engineering
 ➢ Basic terms:-
BER:- Bit Error Rate. BER is defined as total number of bit errors received on receiver divided by the total
number of bits transferred from transmitter during a studied time interval.
Cyclic Prefix:- Cyclic prefix is a key element of enabling the OFDM signal to operate reliably.The cyclic
prefix provides a guard interval to eliminate inter-symbol interference from the previous symbol.It repeats the end
of the symbol so the linear convolution of a frequency-selective multipath channel can be modeled as circular
convolution.

AWGN noise:-Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is a basic noise model used in information theory to
mimic the effect of many random processes that occur in nature.

Orthogonal:-When one signal reaches its peak(highest) point at that time other signal are at their zero point, or
at null.Two or more objects act independently.
FFT:- A fast Fourier transform is an algorithm used to find the discrete fourier transform of a signal.
FFT convert the signal from time to frequency domain and vice-versa in case of IFFT.
Lookup Table:-A lookup table is an array which stores the calculated values of active subcarriers
to be used in progress.

Mapping:- It is the process of making a map where the points of one set are matched to points of
another set.

Index Modulation:-It is a technique of modulation in which not only M-ary constellations are
used but also active subcarriers are used to transmit information.

M-ary :-M-ary is a type of modulation in which instead of sending one bit at a time two or more
bits are transmitted .This results in reduced bandwidth of the channel

Sub-carriers :-A subcarrier is a side band of a radio frequency carrier which is modulated to send
additional information
OFDM-IM
● OFDM-IM is a variant of OFDM that uses the indices of subcarriers to transmit additional
information.

● The index of a subcarrier represents the position of the subcarrier in the frequency domain.

● To transmit data using OFDM-IM, the indices of the subcarriers are first determined based
on the data to be transmitted.

● OFDM-IM system achieves better error performance than the classical OFDM.

● OFDM-IM can provide higher spectral efficiency and data rates than OFDM.
 Implementation
The OFDM scheme uses all sub-carriers for data transmission which leads to higher power consumption. That is
why, we used another better technique called OFDM-IM. This scheme uses some Carriers for data transmissions
and remaining for antenna mapping.

Information bits enter the OFDM-IM transmitter for the transmission of each OFDM block.

P=m/g ; m= number of bits, g=number of groups, P=number of bits per group

n=N/g ; N=number of subblocks, n= number of subcarriers

P=p1+p2 ;p1 bits are selected for indices and p2 bits are selected for mapping.

p1 = ⌊log2(nCk)⌋ p2=k⌊log2(M)⌋
X(t)=(N√K)IFFT{Xf} ;inverse fast furious transform

X(N−L+ 1)· · · · · · · · ·X(N−1)X(N)] ;Cyclic prefix with the length of L

Than we added AWGN noise, removed cyclic prefix & IFFT or add FFT. After this we used ML detection and
plot the graph
OFDM-IM
 ➢ RESULTS:-
● ● Q-PSK
B-PSK

● 8-PSK ● 16-PSK

Figure4:- BER ANALYSIS of OFDM-IM

➢ Simulation result of BER in OFDM

Figure5:- BER ANALYSIS of OFDM-IM

 ➢ Comparison of BER of OFDM-IM and OFDM

● OFDM BER ● OFDM-IM BER

Figure6:- Comparison of BER of OFDM and OFDM-IM

 Conclusion

● In this project we have evaluated the simulated analysis of ber performed for OFDM & OFDM-
IM using AWGN noise.
● We get to know that BER in OFDM-IM is less than BER in OFDM.
● The combination of high data capacity, high spectral efficiency, and its ability to interference as a
result of multi-path effects means that it is ideal for the high data applications.
● Become a major factor in today's communications scene.
 References
1. Ertuğrul Başar, Ümit Aygölü, Erdal Panayırcı, H. Vincent Poor, “Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing With Index Modulation”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING,
NOVEMBER 15, 2013.

2. B.Keerthi priya , P.Samundiswary, “ Spectral Efficiency and BER Analysis of OFDM-IM with M-
ary QAM under Rayleigh Fading Channel”,2017 IEEE International Conference on
Computational Intelligence and Computing Research.

3. Mahmoud Abdullahi, Aijun CAO, Adnan Zafar, Ibrahim A. Hemadeh, “A Generalized Bit Error
Rate Evaluation for Index Modulation Based OFDM System” ,IEEE ACCESS,2020

4. Wei-Wen Su and Jen-Ming Wu, “Codebook Design for OFDM with In-phase/Quadrature All
Index Modulation” 2020 IEEE 92nd Vehicular Technology Conference .

5. Rui Fan,Ya Jun Yu,Yong Liang Guan, “Generalization of Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing With Index Modulation”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS,2015
Thank You !

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