INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

(CORRELATION AND PARTIAL-

CORRELATION)
 Learning Outcome

• The students should be able to understand the differences

between:
• Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics:
• Descriptive Statistics such as frequencies, percentages,
means, and standard deviations (we learned this Part in the
previous class in detail).
• And Inferential Statistics: the basic analysis of correlation
and partial-correlation.
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
 Descriptive statistics can be used with nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio
data
 Frequencies and percentages describe categorical data and means, and
standard deviations describe continuous variables
 Descriptive analysis is a statistic or a measure that describes data with
tables and graphs (quantitative or categorical variables)
 It gives some measures based on the center of the data example: the mean,
standard deviation, maximum, minimum, mode, median, of the variables
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Inferential statistics can be used to prove or disprove theories, determine associations
between variables, and determine if findings are significant and whether or not we can
generalize from our sample to the entire population
The types of inferential statistics we will go over:
Correlation.
Partial-Correlation.
Multiple Regression Analysis
One-Sample T-Test.
Independent Samples T test.
Paired Samples T-test.
 CORRELATION
Definition
Correlation analysis is used to describe the strength and direction of the
linear relationship between two variables.
Used to test the presence, strength and direction of a linear relationship
among variables.
Correlation is a numerical expression that signifies the relationship
between two variables. Correlation allows you to explore this relationship
by 'measuring the association' between the variables.
Correlation is a 'measure of association' because the correlation coefficient
provides the degree of the relationship between the variables.
 CORRELATION (CONT.)
The Correlation Coefficient : Pearson's r, the correlation
coefficient, is the numeric value of the relationship between
variables. The correlation coefficient is a percentage and can
vary between -1 and +1. If no relationship exists, then the
correlation coefficient would equal 0. Pearson's r provides an
(1) estimate of the strength of the relationship and (2) an
estimate of the direction of the relationship.
 CORRELATION (CONT.)

If the correlation coefficient lies between -1 and 0, it is a

negative relationship, 0 and +1, it is a positive relationship and if
0, there is no relationship. The closer the coefficient lies to -1 or
+1, the stronger the relationship.
 CORRELATION (CONT.)
Coefficient of determination provides the percentage of the variance accounted for both
variables (x & y).
Example of research questions
Is there a relationship between Part time job employment and student performance?
Do faculty program have a relationship with Student performance?
Null hypotheses
There is no relationship between part time job employment and student performance.
There is no relationship between faculty program and student performance.
 Correlation Analysis
• Correlation analysis is used to describe the strength and direction (either
positive or negative) of the linear relationship between 2 variables.
However, it does not indicate that 1 variable causes the others.
• There are 2 types of correlation analysis known as Pearson (r) and
Spearman (rho).
• The way in which you interpret the output from Pearson (r) and Spearman
(rho) approaches is the same.
TYPES OF CORRELATION ANALYSIS
TYPES OF CORRELATION
 CORRELATION
Requirement: two variables: both continuous, or one continuous
and the other dichotomous.
Dichotomous variables are nominal variables which have only
two categories or levels. For example, "male" or "female".
 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS FOR
CORRELATION
Before performing a correlation analysis, it is a good idea to generate a scatterplot.
This will enable you to check for violation of the assumption of linearity and
homoscedasticity. This will give a better idea of the nature of the relationship
between variables.
Linearity means: the relationship between the two variables should be linear. This
means that when you look at a scatterplot of scores you should see a straight line
(roughly), not a curve (Curvilinear), (Pallant, 2011).
Homoscedasticity means: Homoscedasticity: it is variance of the residuals about
predicted DV scores and should be the same for all predicted scores(Pallant, 2011).
Step 1: checking for outliers
Step 2: Inspecting the distribution of data points
Step 3: Determining the direction of the relationship
SPSS Procedure
INTERPRETATION OF OUTPUT
Example of Writing the Result
 PARTIAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS
It is useful for describing the relationship between two variables, while statistically controlling
for another variable.

Research question
Is there a significant relationship between part time job employment and part time job
satisfaction after controlling for student performance?

Null hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between part time job employment and part time job
satisfaction, after controlling student performance.
 VARIABLES IN PARTIAL CORRELATION

Variable of interest:

Part time job employment

Part time job satisfaction

Control variable (covariate):

Student performance
OUTPUT FOR PARTIAL CORRELATION
PRESENTING PARTIAL CORRELATION RESULT
THANK YOU
REFERENCES
Pallant, J. (2011). Survival manual. A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS, 4, 4.
Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS.
McGraw-hill education (UK).