Cellular Communication

System

Using
Points of discussion
 Introduction
 GSM History
 Frequency Spectrum
 Cells
 Cellular Architecture
 Call Routing
 Health Checking of network.
Introduction

 GSM: Is not a type of antenna.

 GSM: Is a standard made by ETSI.
 GSM is categorized on the basis of
frequency spectrum used.
 LIKE GSM 900, GSM 1800,GSM 1900.
 Now a days cellular phones are made to
work evenly under all type of frequency
spectrum.
 GSM History
 Before 80s only analog network were used in
communication.

COMPATIBILITY

COMPATIBILITY
 GSM History (cont..)
 In 1982 standardization activities were started by
GROUPE SPECIAL MOBILE .

 In 1989 it was changed to GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR

MOBILE COMMUNICATION BY ETSI. DIGITAL
NETWORK

 In 2000 UMTS(UNIVERSAL MOBILE

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM evolved.
(DIGITAL + VOICE AND DATA)
 Frequency Spectrum
CRITERION GSM 900 GSM 1800
Frequency (Down-link) 890MHz-915MHz 1710MHz-1785MHz
Frequency (Up-link) 935MHz-960MHz 1805MHz-1880MHz
Duplexing Distance 45MHz 95MHz
Bandwidth 2X25 MHz 2X75 MHz
Bandwidth of a channel 200 KHz 200 KHz
Access method FDMA & TDMA FDMA & TDMA
No. of carrier frequency 124 372
Time slots per 8 8
frequency
No. of channels 992 2976
 Cells
 GSM network is divided into several HEXAGONAL CELLS.

 CELLS may be small or large according to

(i) Power transmitted.
(ii) Number of mobiles in an area.

 LARGE CELLS SMALL CELLS

Diameter up to 70KM. Diameter up to 200m.
Power-> Large. Power->Small.
Found in remote areas. Found in urban areas.
NO. of mobiles less. NO. of mobiles large.
 Cells (cont..)

Coverage area Small cells

 Cells (cont..)`

FREQUENCY REUSE
 In gsm only 124 ARFCN frequencies are available.
 BSNL: Uses 1-30 ARFCN number.
 Suppose no. of cells are more than 30 then we reuse the
frequencies those we have used before.
 Frequencies are reused but interference must be removed.

FREQUENCY 1
FREQUENCY 2
FREQUENCY 1
 Cells (cont..)

SECTORIZATION:
 Splits the cell into no of cells, each cell has a transmit

and receive antenna and behaves as single cell.

 Sectorization is done in 60 ,120,180 degree.

 Advantage is better signal strength.

OMNI CELL CITE 3 CELL SITE 6 CELL SITE

SINGLE ANTENNA 3 ANTENNAS 6 ANTENNAS
360 DEGREE 120 DEGREE 60 DEGREE
GSM Architecture
 GSM Architecture
Mobile station (MS)
Comprises :
 It contains SIM (Subscriber Identity Module).
 It must obtain approval from standardization body.
Other Identification :
 International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI).
 International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI).
 Mobile Station ISDN Number (Mobile Telephone No.).
 LAI: Identify the current location of the subscriber (AUC).
 Architecture (cont..)
Base Transceiver station (BTS)
 It establishes the radio link between MS and BSC.
 It is placed at the centre of the cell.

Functions
 Coding
 Multiplexing

Synchronization.
GSM Architecture (cont..)
 Different types of BTS
 Architecture (cont..)

Base switching center (BSC).

 It links the air interface to terrestrial interface.
 It maintains a specific no. of BTS.
 Power management and time delay measurement are
done here.
 It contains the transcoder.
Architecture (cont..)
Transcoder
 It reduces the data rate.
 Architecture (cont..)
Mobile service switching center (MSC)
 Heart of the network

 Switch speech and data connections between:

Base Station Controllers

Mobile Switching Centers
GSM-networks
Other external networks
 Three main jobs:
1) connects calls from sender to receiver
2) collects details of the calls made and received
3) supervises operation of the rest of the network
components
 Architecture (cont..)
Home location register (HLR)
 It is the database of the MSC.
 It contains all the information of a subscriber.
 Contains AUC ,subscriber status, supplementary services.
Visitor location register (VLR)
 It contains a copy of data present in HLR.
 It contains the temporary data of subscriber like
local area identity (LAI) ,phone status (busy, free, no ans).
Equipment identity register (EIR)
 It contains the database of all valid mobile equipment no.

Authentication center (AUC)

 It contains all the security information of subscriber.
 Call routing
 These are the processes involved while establishing a
call set up.
 Basically call routings are of two types.
Mobile terminating call
Land line terminating call
 In call routing MSC plays an important role because it is
connected to both PSTN and other MSC.
Call routing
 Network health
Checking the health of the network
 After setting a tower still a lot of work has to be done.
 Strength of the signal is checked time to time by drive test.
Drive Test
 We need, Laptop, gps, vehicles ,vehicles mounted antenna and
the TEMS software.
 TEMS software shows the required information of BTS in the
laptop while drive test.
Drive test
Advantages
 No fixed wiring as in telephone
network.
 Network expansion flexibility.
 Easier reconfiguration.
 Good profit margins.
Reference

 Motorola manual cp02/issue 5/version

5/introduction to digital cellular network.
 www.iaik.tugraz.at/teaching/03_advanced
%20computer%20networks/ss2004/vo4/
GSM.pdf
 www.ac.tut.fi/aci/courses/7601010/2002/
saatu/set_2/introduction%20to%20gsm.pdf
 nets.rwth-aachen.de/content/teaching/
lectures/sub/mobil/WS05-06/07_GSM.pdf
Thank You

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