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Lecture 1-Introduction To Distributed Computing
Lecture 1-Introduction To Distributed Computing
Cloud Computing
DR. ABDULRAHMAN ALSABRI
ALSABRI374@GMAIL.COM
Computing Systems
Types of Computing Systems:
Centralized Systems
Decentralized Systems
Distributed Systems
Distributed Computing :
A field of computer science /engineering that
studies distributed systems.
Centralized,
Decentralized and
Distributed Systems
Centralized Systems
Centralized systems are systems that use
client/server architecture where one or more
client nodes are directly connected to a
central server where client sends a request
to the server and receives the response.
Components of Centralized System –
Middleware Middleware
Network OS Network OS
Hardware Hardware
Host-1 Host-2
Network
Component-1 … Component-n Component-1 … Component-n
Middleware Middleware
Network OS Network OS
Hardware Hardware
Host-n Host-3
Characteristics of Decentralized System
Peer-to-peer architecture :
all nodes are peers of each other. No one node has supremacy over
other nodes
Master-slave architecture :
One node can become a master by voting and help in coordinating
of a part of the system but this does not mean the node has
supremacy over the other node which it is coordinating
Advantages of Decentralized System
Complexity :-
◦ Lack of experience in designing, and implementing a distributed
system. E.g. which platform (hardware and OS) to use, which
language to use etc.
Network problem:-
◦ If the network underlying a distributed system saturates or goes
down, then the distributed system will be effectively disabled thus
negating most of the advantages of the distributed system.
Security:-
◦ Security is a major hazard since easy access to data means easy
access to secret data as well.
Applications of Distributed
System
Cluster computing – a technique in which many
computers are coupled together to work so that they
achieve global goals. The computer cluster acts as if they
were a single computer
Heterogeneity of components :-
◦ variety or differences that apply to computer hardware, network, OS,
programming language and implementations by different developers.
Openness:-
◦ System can be extended and re-implemented in various ways.
Transparency:-
◦ make certain aspects of distribution are invisible to the application
programmer ; focus on design of their particular application.
◦ They not concern the locations and details of how it operate, either
replicated or migrated.
Issues and Challenges cont…
Security:-
◦ Security for information resources in distributed system have 3 components :
a. Confidentiality : protection against disclosure to unauthorized individuals.
b. Integrity : protection against alteration/corruption
c. Availability : protection against interference with the means to access the
resources.
Concurrency :-
◦ Where applications/services process concurrency, it will effect a
conflict in operations with one another and produce
inconsistence results.
◦ Each resource must be designed to be safe in a concurrent
environment.
Distributed Systems Architecture
Client-server
3-tier architecture
Peer-to-peer
Client/Server Architecture
Client/server architecture is a
computing model in which the server
hosts, delivers and manages most of the
resources and services to be consumed
by the client.
Components
Server
Hosts Services
Client
Request Service
Communication
Media for message exchange
Peer-to-Peer Architecture (P2P Architecture)
Clusters
Grids
Clouds
Cluster Computing
A collection of similar processors (PCs, workstations)
running the same operating system, connected by a high-
speed LAN.
Each node set to perform the same task, controlled and
scheduled by software.
Parallel computing capabilities using inexpensive PC
hardware
High degree of distribution transparency (single system
image)(SSI)
Processes can migrate between nodes dynamically and
preemptively
Components of Cluster
Nodes(master+computing)
Network APP APP … APP
OS
Cluster middleware: Cluster Middle ware
.
Architecture for Grid Systems