en·do·gen·ic

ˌendōˈjenik/

Adjective GEOLOGY

Formed, located or occurring

beneath the surface of the earth.
Endogenic Processes
Endogenic processes: forces that cause movements beneath the
Earth`s surface.

Endogenic processes can consist of anything from plate tectonics,

earth quakes, and volcanic activities.

Endogenic processes occurs so slowly that it is very rare to find an

unmodified landform.

The ground we live on is moving all the time. The Forces within the
earth that cause the ground to move are called ENDOGENIC FORCES.
Volcanism
VOLCANISM or magmatism (also known as volcanic activity or
igneous activity)
Magma beneath the crust is under very great pressure. When
folding and faulting occur, cracks or fractures which are lines
of weakness are created.
When these lines of weakness develop downward in the crust
and reach the magma, they will release the pressure in the
magma.
This allows magma to rise up along the lines of weakness and
intrude into the crust. Some magma may even reach the
earth's surface and some don’t.
 Most volcanic processes are associated
with orogenic processes

• Three main instances where they occur

1. In curved volcanic arcs that probably correspond to
early-stage subductive zones
2. In straight volcanic chains within post-tectonic folded
mountains
3. In lines of largely extinct volcanoes that formed when
lithospheric plates moved over persistent mantle
plumes (“hot spots”)
Hot Spots
• Hot areas under plates
• “Hot spots” produce long chains of volcanic
islands as the plate travels over them
• Most “hot spots” are under plate interiors,
especially oceanic plates, some are close to
divergent plate boundaries and some are
near mid-oceanic ridges
Illustration of Volcanism
• There are
two types
of
Volcanism:
Intrusive
volcanism
and
Extrusive
volcanism.
Results of Volcanism
Metamorphism
•Metamorphism is an endogenic
process which occurs when there is
pressure and heat applied to
geologic structures which leads to
the formation of Metamorphic
Rocks.
Illustration of Metamorphism
Results of Metamorphism
Grading Metamorphic Rocks
Earthquakes
• An Earthquake or (Seismic Activity) is a sudden
shaking or vibration in the earth’s crust.
• When plates suddenly move past each other, the
built-up strain is released along the fault, and the
rock fractures.
• An earthquake also can be triggered by molten
rock moving up into the chamber of a volcano
before eruption.
Illustrating Earthquake
Summary
• Endogenic Processes are Processes that is formed or
occurring beneath the surface of the Earth.
• The Main Endogenic Processes are Folding and Faulting
(or tectonic movements).
• The Subsequent Endogenic Processes are Volcanism,
Metamorphism, and Earthquakes.
• Endogenic processes cause many major landform
features.
• Endogenic processes have been responsible for shaping
the earth’s geologic structures and the formation of
many of the most important mineral resources.
Deformation of the crust is the bending, tilting, and
braking of the earth’s crust.
Stress
• Amount of force per unit area on a given material.
• Different things happen to rock when different types of
stress are applied.

There are three types of stresses:

• Tension
• Shearing
• Compression
tension shear compression
rocks are being pulled when forces act Stress that squeezes
apart; causes the rock parallel to each other the rocks together;
to lengthen or break but in opposite causes the rocks to
apart. Tension is the directions; causes two fold or fracture and
major types of stress planes of material to found on
and found on slide past each other CONVERGENT PLATE
DIVERGENT and found on BOUNDARIES.
BOUNDARIES. TRANSFORM FAULT
BOUNDARIES.
• Plate tectonics is the movement of the earth’s crust, but its not
the only force that shapes the earth’s crust.

Isostatic Adjustment
• Occurs in the earth’s crust because of the change in the weight in some parts of
the crust.
• When crust are thicker and heavier they move deeper into the mantle
• When crust are thinner and lighter, it will rise higher on the mantle

This up-down movement in the crust occurs because of two opposing forces.
The crust is always trying to reach a balance, and this balance is known as Isostatic
The
Continental
Drift Theory
The Continental Drift Theory

• theory that explained how continents shift position on Earth's surface. Set
forth in 1912 by Alfred Wegener, a geophysicist and meteorologist,
continental drift also explained why look-alike animal and plant fossils,
and similar rock formations, are found on different continents.

• Wegener thought all the continents were once joined together in an

"Urkontinent" before breaking up and drifting to their current positions.

• But many geologist denounced and oppose the theory of Weneger because
he didn’t have a good model to explain how the continent move apart.
• Although Wegener's "continental drift" theory was discarded, it did introduce
the idea of moving continents to geoscience. And decades later, scientists
would confirm some of Wegener's ideas, such as the past existence of a
supercontinent joining all the world's landmasses as one. Pangaea was a
supercontinent that formed roughly 300 million years ago, and was
responsible for the fossil and rock clues that led Wegener to his theory.

Evidence for the Continental Drift Theory

• A map of the continents inspired Wegener's quest to explain Earth's geologic
history. Wegener then assembled an impressive amount of evidence to show that
Earth's continents were once connected in a single supercontinent. Wegener knew
that fossil plants and animals such as mesosaurs, a freshwater reptile found only
South America and Africa during the Permian period, could be found on many
continents. He also matched up rocks on either side of the Atlantic Ocean like
puzzle pieces
Plate
Tectonics
Plate Tectonics Scientific study of the deformation of the rocks that
make up the Earth’s crust and the forces that produce
such deformation.
the theory states that Earth's outermost layer, the lithosphere, is broken into 7
large, rigid pieces called plates: the African, North American, South American,
Eurasian, Australian, Antarctic, and Pacific plates. Several minor plates also exist,
including the Arabian, Nazca, and Philippines plates.
The plates are all moving in different directions and at different speeds (from 2 cm
to 10 cm per year--about the speed at which your fingernails grow) in relationship
to each other. The plates are moving around like cars in a demolition derby, which
means they sometimes crash together, pull apart, or sideswipe each other. The
place where the two plates meet is called a plate boundary. Boundaries have
different names depending on how the two plates are moving in relationship to
each other.
Types
of Plate
Boundaries
Convergent Plate
Boundary
are locations where lithospheric plates are moving towards one
another. The plate collisions that occur in these areas can produce
earthquakes, volcanic activity and crustal deformation.

Convergence of Oceanic and

Continental Plate
the thinner and more dense oceanic plate is overridden by the thicker and less dense
continental plate. The oceanic plate is forced down into the mantle in a process known as
"subduction". The subducted crust melts forming magma. Addition of volatile material
such as water will cause the magma to be less dense, allowing it to rise and reach the crust
once again and causing the formation of volcanic activities on the continental plate. This
produces volcanic island chain on continental crust and trench.
Convergence of Two Oceanic Plate
When a convergent boundary occurs between two oceanic plates one of those plates will
subduct beneath the other. Normally the older plate will subduct because of its higher
density. It has the same process as the convergence of oceanic and continental plate but
oceanic-oceanic convergence forms chained volcano island arc and trenches.
Convergence of Two Continental Plate

In this type of convergent boundary a powerful collision occurs. The two thick continental
plates collide and both of them have a density that is much lower than the mantle, which
prevents subduction.Fragments of crust or continent margin sediments might be caught in
the collision zone between the continents forming a highly deformed melange of rock. The
intense compression can also cause extensive folding and faulting of rocks within the two
colliding plates. This deformation can extend hundreds of miles into the plate interior.

The Himalaya Mountain Range is the best active example of this type of plate boundary.
Effects found at a convergent boundary between continental plates include: intense
folding and faulting, a broad folded mountain range, shallow earthquake activity,
shortening and thickening of the plates within the collision zone.
Divergent Plate
Boundary
divergent plate boundaries are locations where plates are moving away
from one another.

Divergent Plate Boundary - Ocean

When a divergent boundary occurs beneath oceanic lithosphere, the rising convection
current below lifts the lithosphere producing a mid-ocean ridge. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is
a classic example of this type of plate boundary. The Ridge is a high area compared to the
surrounding seafloor because of the lift from the convection current below.
Divergent Plate Boundary - Continents
When a divergent boundary occurs beneath a thick
continental plate, the pull-apart is not vigorous
enough to create a clean, single break through the
thick plate material. Here the thick continental plate
is arched upwards from the convection current's lift,
pulled thin by extensional forces, and fractured into
a rift-shaped structure. As the two plates pull apart,
normal faults develop on both sides of the rift and
the central blocks slide downwards. Earthquakes
occur as a result of this fracturing and movement.
Early in the rift-forming process, streams and rivers
will flow into the sinking rift valley to form a long
linear lake. As the rift grows deeper it might drop
below sea level allowing ocean waters to flow in. This
will produce a narrow, shallow sea within the rift.
This rift can then grow deeper and wider. If rifting
continues a new ocean basin could be produced.
Transform Fault
Boundary

Transform Plate Boundaries are locations where two plates slide past
one another. The fracture zone that forms a transform plate boundary is
known as a transform fault. The most famous example of this is the San
Andreas Fault Zone of western North America. The San Andreas
connects a divergent boundary in the Gulf of California with the
Cascadia subduction zone.