Atomic Notation

 Atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in the

nucleus of an atom. The number of protons equals
the number of electrons in a neutral atom

 Mass number (A) is the sum of the number of

protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus
of an atom.

So how can you work out the number of neutrons in an atom?
No. of neutrons = Mass number – atomic number
3 proton
3 electron
1st shell maximum is 2
p= 1 p= 1 p= 1
e= 1 e= 1 e= 1
n= 0 n= 1 n= 2
ISOTOPES
Has the same number of proton
Isotopes that emit
high energy radiation
are called
radioisotopes. They
are radioactive
substance
 + +
+

- -

p= 2 p= 1
e= 1 e= 1
n= 1 ISOBAR n= 2
Has the same number of atomic
mass
 +
+ +
-
-

p= 1 p= 2
e= 1
e= 1 ISOTONE
n= 2 n= 2
Has the same number of neutrons
 Relative Atomic Mass
• The atomic mass of one atom of an element is relative
to one atom of another.
• The masses of isotopes and their abundances are
determined experimentally by mass spectrometry
Isotope Abundance

 The mass spectrometer gives information on the mass and relative

abundance of each element’s isotopes.
 Each isotope is represented by a Relative Abundance.
 So, what data does the MASS SPEC
give us?

 The relative MASS of each isotope.

 The % Abundance of each isotope.

Determined by the process of WEIGHTED AVERAGING.

4. Calculate the abundance of isotopes Boron-10 and Boron-11.
Atomic relative mass of boron is 10.8 amu.
Electron Configuration
• An electron configuration shows how the electrons
occupy the orbitals for a particular atom.
• The aufbau principle states that each electron
occupies the lowest energy orbital available.
 1A group # = # valence (outside) e- 8A
1 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
2

Row 3 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B 8B 1B 2B
= 4
# shells
5
6
s d p
7

f
6
7
 Electron Configuration

1s 1

row # group #
shell # # valence e-
possibilities are 1-7 possibilities are:
7 rows s: 1 or 2
subshell p: 1-6
possibilities are d: 1-10
s, p, d, or f f: 1-14
4 subshells Total e- should equal
Atomic #
What element has an electron configuration of 1s1?
Write the complete electron configuration and the
valence electrons for the following elements:
a. P
b. Si
c. Ni
d. Br
e. Al