Introduction To Nursing FON-I

History of Health Care and Nursing
B Y.
LECTURER M. IRSHAD
C I T Y U N I V E R S I T Y O F S C I E N C E A N D I N F O R M AT I O N
T E C H N O L O G Y. ( C U S I T )
Objective
At the end of this unit, the student will be able to:
1. Summary of ancient cultures
2. Site of Health Care in Ancient Cultures
3. Islam and Nursing
4. The founder of Nursing
5. Historical Perspective
6. Nursing in Mogual period
7. Nursing Defined by different scholar
8. Definition of Nursing by WHO
9. Types of Nursing Educational Programmes
10. History of Nursing Education in Pakistan
February 12 2024
2
Historical Perspectives
Nursing today is far different from nursing as it was practiced years ago, and it is
expected to continue changing during the 21st century.
Nursing has undergone dramatic change in response to societal needs and

influences.
In ancient period When a person became ill, doctors would prescribe both
magical formulas to be recited as well as medicinal treatments.
February 15, 2024 3

Stages of Health history and Nursing
Nursing from Earliest times to the nineteenth century.
 Early Civilization.
 Christianity.
 Middle Ages.
 Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century.
February 15, 2024 4

Early Civilization
Ancient of Egypt (3100 B.C. to 320 B.C.)
Ancient Egyptians utilized a combination of spiritual and scientific approaches to healing.
Early physicians such as Imhotep (considered one of the fathers of medicine), using a
combination of basic surgical techniques and a number of naturally-occurring substances
They also hired women, later known as midwives, to assist with childbirth. These women
were the first records nurses.
February 15, 2024 5

Ancient Greece (800 B.C. to 400 A.D.)
The famous greek physician hippocrates believed that disease had natural, not magical,
causes, studied disease processes.
Hippocrates also contributed to the field of medicine:
 Advocating for the need for balance to maintain health
 Categorizing illness as acute, chronic, endemic, or epidemic.
 Galen, a greek physician born over 500 years after hippocrates, studied human anatomy
and physiology.
 Through his work, galen determined that the human body is perfectly made, and thus
must prove that it was designed by God.
February 15, 2024 6

Ancient Rome (~50 A.D.)
Ancient Romans invented a number of surgical instruments, and adapted a
number of tools and techniques, such as forceps, scalpels, cautery, sewing
needles, and specula's, to surgical uses.
Ancient Roman physicians devoted great attention to eye diseases, and

regularly performed cataract surgery.
February 15, 2024 7

Christianity
With the beginning of Christianity, nursing began to have a formal and more
clearly defined role.
Led by the belief that love and caring for others were important, women made
the first visits to sick people, male gave nursing care
Nursing became a respected vocation.
February 15, 2024 8

Middle Ages
Western Medicine Decays, While Islamic Medicine Blossoms (~400-1300 A.D.)
 When the dark ages took hold of europe, medical study and innovation
declined significantly.
 At the same time, in the arab world, islamic scientists and physicians made
great strides in medicine by building on the medical and health knowledge.
 Scientist ali ibn sahl rabban al-tabari championed the fields of child
development and psychotherapy,
 While physician muhammad bin sa'id al-tamimi contributed greatly to the
compounding of medicines.
February 15, 2024 9
Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century
The extensive population growth in cities, the lack of hygiene and sanitation and
the increasing poverty in urban centers resulted in serious health problem.
Society changed from one with a religious orientation to one that emphasized
warfare, exploration, and expansion of knowledge.
The only acceptable nursing role was within a religious order where services
were provided as part of Christianity charity.
February 15, 2024 10

Nursing in Islam
In Islam to provide healthcare services to patients, families and communities as a
manifestation of love for Allah and Muhammad (S.A.W).
The nursing profession is not new to Islam. Islamic traditions include sympathy for
and responsibility toward those in need.
This perspective had emerged during the development of Islam as religion, culture,
and civilization.

First Muslim nurse
The first professional nurse in the history of islam is a woman named rufaidah
bint sa’ad, also known as rufaida al-aslamia or rufayda al-aslamiyyah,
Who was born in 620 (est.) And lived at the time of hazrat muhammad (S.A.W).
 She was among the first people in medina to accept islam.
Rufaidah received her training and knowledge in medicine from her father.

Nursing Leaders (Founder)

Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale was born in 1820 in a wealthy family.
She was determined to become a nurse since she believed

she was “called by God to help others and to improve the
well-being of mankind”;
 She visited kaiserswerth and received nurse’s training at 1850 for three months.
 After which she returned to england to assume the position of superintendent of a
charity hospital for ill governesses.

Barton (1821–1912)
Clara Barton was a school teacher who volunteered as a nurse
during the American Civil War.
Her responsibility was to organize the nursing services.
Barton is noted for her role in establishing the American Red Cross.
Red Cross could perform humanitarian efforts in time of peace.

Richards (1841–1930)
Linda Richards was America’s first trained nurse. She graduated from the New
England Hospital for Women and Children in 1873.
Richards is known for introducing nurse’s notes and doctor’s orders.
She also initiated the practice of nurses wearing uniforms .
She is credited for her pioneering work in psychiatric and
industrial nursing.

Men in Nursing
History of nursing primarily focuses on the female figures in nursing, schools of
nursing for men existed in the united states from the late 1880s until 1969.
During the 20th century, men were denied admission to most nursing programs.
The ANA denied membership to male nurses until 1930 and many state nursing
associations did not allow men to join until the 1950.
In 2009 and 2010, members of the AAMN discussed ways to change the image of
men in nursing in both recruitment and retention.
Definitions of Nursing
Florence Nightingale defined nursing nearly 150 years ago as “the act of utilizing the
environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery”. (Nightingale, 1860/1969)
Virginia Henderson was one of the first modern nurses to define nursing. She wrote,
“The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful
death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or
knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as
possible”. (Henderson, 1966)
Modern Definition of Nursing
In 20th century, a nurse theorists developed their own theoretical definitions of nursing.
◦ • Nursing is caring.
◦ • Nursing is an art.
◦ • Nursing is a science.
◦ • Nursing is client centered.
◦ • Nursing is holistic.
◦ • Nursing is adaptive.
◦ • Nursing is concerned with health promotion, health maintenance, and health
restoration.
◦ • Nursing is a helping profession.

WHO Definition of Nursing
Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all
ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings.
It includes:
 The promotion of health,
 The prevention of illness, and
 The care of ill, disabled and dying people.

Current Definition
The current definition of nursing remains unchanged from the 2003 edition of
Nursing’s Social Policy Statement:
“Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities,

preventions of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis
and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals,
families, communities, and populations”.
(ANA, 2010,)

Recipients of Nursing (Patient)
The recipients of nursing are sometimes called consumers, sometimes patients, and
sometimes clients.
A patient is a person who is waiting for or undergoing medical treatment and care.
 The word patient comes from a Latin word meaning “to
suffer” or “to bear.” Traditionally, the person receiving
health care has been called a patient.
 Usually, people become patients when they seek
assistance because of illness or for surgery
Scope of Nursing
Nurses provide care for three types of clients: individuals, families, and
communities.
Nursing practice involves four areas: promoting health and wellness, preventing
illness, restoring health, and caring for the dying.

Roles and Functions of the Nurse
Nurses assume a number of roles when they provide care to clients.
Caregiver Client Advocate
Communicator Leader
Counselor Manager

A Code for Nursing Students
Advocate for the rights of all clients.
Maintain client confidentiality.
Take appropriate action to ensure the safety of clients, self, and others.
Provide care for the client in a timely, and Professional manner.
Communicate client care in a truthful, timely, and accurate manner.
Actively promote the highest level of moral and ethical Principles and accept
responsibility for our actions.
Cont.
Treat others with respect and promote an environment that respects human rights,
values, and choice of cultural and spiritual beliefs.
Collaborate in every reasonable manner with the academic faculty and clinical staff
to ensure the highest quality of client care.
Encourage faculty, clinical staff, and peers to mentor nursing students.
Refrain from performing any technique or procedure for which the student has not
been adequately trained.
Nursing Education
Originally, the focus of nursing education was to teach the knowledge and skills.
However, as nursing roles have evolved in response to new scientific knowledge;

advances in technology; and cultural, political, and socioeconomic changes in society;
nursing education curricula have been revised to enable nurses to work in more diverse
settings and assume more diverse roles.
Current nursing curricula emphasize critical thinking and the application of nursing and
supporting knowledge to health promotion, health maintenance, and health restoration
as provided in both community and hospital settings
Types of Education Programs
Education programs available for nurses include

 Practical or vocational nursing,
 Registered nursing,
 Graduate nursing, and
 Continuing education.

Licensed Practical (Vocational)
Nursing Programs
Practical or vocational nursing programs are housed in community colleges,
vocational schools, hospitals, or other independent health agencies. These
programs generally last 9 to 12 months and include both classroom and clinical
experience.
Practical nurses work under the supervision of a registered nurse in numerous

settings, including hospitals, nursing homes, rehabilitation centers, and home
health agencies.

Registered Nursing Programs
Currently, three major routes lead to eligibility for RN licensure:
 Completion of a diploma,
 Associate degree, and
 Baccalaureate program.

Diploma Programs
After Florence Nightingale established the Nightingale Training School of Nurses

at St. Thomas Hospital in England in 1860, the concept traveled quickly to North
America. Hospital administrators welcomed the idea of training schools as a
source of nursing staff for free or inexpensive staffing for the hospital.
Currently, 20.4% of RNs have obtained their initial nursing education in diploma
programs (Health Resources and Services Administration [HRSA], 2010).

Associate Degree Programs
Associate degree nursing programs, which arose in the early 1950s, were the
first and only educational programs for nursing that were systematically
developed from planned research and controlled experimentation.
Most of these programs take place in community colleges. The graduating

student receives an associate degree in nursing (ADN) or an associate of arts
(AA), associate of science (AS), or associate in applied science (AAS) degree with
a major in nursing.

Baccalaureate Degree Programs
The first school of nursing was established at the University of Minnesota in 1909.
Most of the early baccalaureate programs were 5 years in length.
Baccalaureate programs are generally 4 years in length. Programs include courses in the
liberal arts, sciences, humanities, and nursing.
Graduates must complete both the degree requirements of the college or university and
the nursing program before being awarded a baccalaureate degree. The usual degree
awarded is a BSN.
Cont.
Many baccalaureate programs also admit registered nurses who
have a diploma or associate degree. These programs typically are
referred to as BSN completion, BSN transition, or RN-BSN programs.

Master’s Degree Programs
The growth of baccalaureate nursing programs encouraged the development of
graduate study in nursing.
Currently, 13.2% of licensed RNs hold a master’s or higher degree (HRSA, 2010).
The emphasis of master’s degree programs is on preparing nurses for advanced

leadership roles in administration, clinical, or teaching

Doctoral Programs
Doctoral programs in nursing began in the 1960s in the United States. Before
1960, nurses who pursued doctoral degrees chose related fields such as
education, psychology, sociology, and physiology.
 Nurses who earn a PhD in nursing generally

assume faculty roles in nursing education
programs or work in research programs.

Nursing History in Pakistan
 Pre- partition status of nursing admissions to nursing were exclusively for anglo-
indian and european girls.
Both hindu and muslims were prevented from enrolling in nursing program.
Mission hospitals only one to accepts to indian girls for training.

Military Nursing
1664 Few Hospitals were established to care for wounded and ill soldiers.
1887 ten qualified certificated nursing sisters from the London hire by the
British Govt. to lay the foundation of military Hospital in the country.
Male attendant.

Nursing Organization
 1905 A Few Nursing Superintendent Formed A Nursing Organization.
To Work For Dignity Honour For The Profession.
 The First Nursing Journal Was Publish In 1910.

Central Nursing council.
 TNAI work hard to developed registration council for the india and pakistan.
Uniform standers of training and certificate programs in all over the country.
 The india nursing council was passed in 1947 with help of h. Minister of india.
In same time similar act was passed in pakistan.
Constituted in 1949 -1952.- 1973

Pakistan become independed.1947
Non Muslim Nursing Migrate to India
British Nurses left for England.
Miss Fatima Jinnah and Begum Rana Liaqat Ali Khan to call hundred of women
to left their college and home to go in Hospital for care wounded patient.
First Nursing School(1948) in Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore.

Cont.……
First Nursing Tutor Mrs. G M Dareah tile 1961.
First Nursing Superintendent Of This Hospital, Mrs. Mumtaz Paida Khan.
 1952 The first class of 7 girls Complete of three Years diploma.
Initially Salary of the staff Nurse was 125. RS/Month.
And sister tutor Rs.200.RS/Month.

References
Kozier, B., Erb, G., Berman, A., & Snyder, S. J. (2010). Fundamental Of Nursing:
Concepts, Process, And Practice. Prentice Hall.
G. Hussein, Rassool (2000), "The crescent and Islam: healing, nursing and the
spiritual dimension. Some considerations towards an understanding of the
Islamic perspectives on caring", Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32 (6): 1476–1484.

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Introduction To Nursing FON-I

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History of Health Care and Nursing

Nursing has undergone dramatic change in response to societal needs and

February 15, 2024 3

 Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century.

February 15, 2024 4

Ancient Egyptians utilized a combination of spiritual and scientific approaches to healing.

February 15, 2024 5

February 15, 2024 6

Ancient Roman physicians devoted great attention to eye diseases, and

February 15, 2024 7

Nursing became a respected vocation.

February 15, 2024 8

February 15, 2024 10

February 15, 2024 11

 She was among the first people in medina to accept islam.

February 15, 2024 12

February 15, 2024 13

She was determined to become a nurse since she believed

February 15, 2024 14

Her responsibility was to organize the nursing services.

Red Cross could perform humanitarian efforts in time of peace.

February 15, 2024 15

Richards is known for introducing nurse’s notes and doctor’s orders.

She also initiated the practice of nurses wearing uniforms .

She is credited for her pioneering work in psychiatric and

February 15, 2024 16

February 15, 2024 19

 The prevention of illness, and

 The care of ill, disabled and dying people.

February 15, 2024 20

“Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities,

February 15, 2024 21

February 15, 2024 23

Nurses assume a number of roles when they provide care to clients.

Caregiver Client Advocate

February 15, 2024 24

Maintain client confidentiality.

Provide care for the client in a timely, and Professional manner.

Communicate client care in a truthful, timely, and accurate manner.

Encourage faculty, clinical staff, and peers to mentor nursing students.

However, as nursing roles have evolved in response to new scientific knowledge;

Education programs available for nurses include

 Graduate nursing, and

February 15, 2024 28

Practical nurses work under the supervision of a registered nurse in numerous

February 15, 2024 29

 Associate degree, and

February 15, 2024 30

After Florence Nightingale established the Nightingale Training School of Nurses

February 15, 2024 31

Most of these programs take place in community colleges. The graduating

February 15, 2024 32

Most of the early baccalaureate programs were 5 years in length.

February 15, 2024 34

The emphasis of master’s degree programs is on preparing nurses for advanced

February 15, 2024 35

 Nurses who earn a PhD in nursing generally

February 15, 2024 36

Mission hospitals only one to accepts to indian girls for training.

February 15, 2024 37

February 15, 2024 38

To Work For Dignity Honour For The Profession.