LESSON 1:

The Nature of
Language
 What is language?
• Together with the creation of human life is the
creation of a wonderful and dynamic human
capacity – language.
• Animals are said to be able to communicate with
each other. (Whales sing, Birds chirp, Dogs bark).
The sounds these creatures produce often reflect
the state of their emotions.
• It may be true that animals communicate, only
human beings are capable of producing a
language.
 What exactly is language?
• System of rules (Grammar)
• Sound system (Phonology)
• Vocabulary (Lexicon)

Example:
Monkey Vs. Human Being
• When people use language, they can
understand each other because they
belong to the same speech
community.
• While growing up, people acquire the Language
languages used by those in the Acquisition
community, this process is called
language acquisition. Language
• Mother tongue or the first languages. Learning
• Later on, people discovered that other
languages are needed for various
reasons, and these other languages
are referred to second languages. The
process is called language learning.
• What happens if people visit another speech
community that is different from their own?
For example, American and British
• What happens if you for example, go to work
in china where the residents speak potunghua
(Mandarin) and a little bit of English? Will you
be able to communicate with the Chinese?

LANGUAGE LANGUAGE
CONTACT CHANGE
 LESSON 2:

TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION
 What is Communication?
• Exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts and views between or among two
or more people, various contexts come into play.

• Context is the circumstance or environment in which communication

takes place.
 Physical or actual setting
 Value positions of speaker/listener
 Relevance or appropriateness of a message conveyed.

• Communication may then be classified into according to:

 Communication mode
 Context
 Purpose and style
 Types of Communication According to
Mode
1. Verbal – Non – Verbal Communication - effective
communication calls for the blending of these two types. For
example, door-to-door salespersons who demonstrate
product knowledge.
2. Visual Communication – is a type of communication that
uses visuals to convey information and/or messages.
Examples:
Signs, Symbols, Imagery, Maps, Graphs, Charts, Diagrams,
Pictograms, Photos, Drawings or Illustrations
Examples of electronic communication symbols:
Emojis, Emoticons, and Animation
• How these symbols are interpreted is very crucial in visual
communication. There are some instances when visual
communication is classified under non-verbal
communication. Whatever the classification is, note that this
type has now become pervasive in communication. It is then
important that the receiver of the message is able to decode
the meaning correctly by contextualizing the information
received.

• What makes visual communication even more advantageous

is that it makes use of technology that provides applications,
videos, and images that rely less on the printed word making
presentations more interesting.
 Types of Communication according to
Context
• Intrapersonal Communication
• Interpersonal Communication
• Extended Communication
• Organizational communication
• Intercultural Communication
 Intrapersonal Communication
• The Latin prefix intra- means within or inside.
• Intrapersonal communication then means
talking to oneself. Some label it as self or inner
talk, inner monologue or inner dialogue.
Psychologists call it with other names such as
self-verbalization or self statement.
 Interpersonal Communication
• As opposed to intra, the Latin prefix inter- means between,
among and together.
• An interactive exchange takes place as interpersonal
communication takes place. However, as it occurs, a
transaction does not necessarily take place since it can only
be a simple interaction such as greetings, getting to know a
person, or ordinary conversations that happen between or
among the interactants.
• If the objective of the communication is to achieve something
at the end of the conversation, it becomes transactional.
 Analyze the following two situations:
1.
Speaker A: Hello! I am Keaselle
Ramos. And you?
Speaker B: Oh, I am Venice Mendoza.
Glad to meet you. How are you related
to the bride?
Speaker A: She is my cousin. Her mom
and mine are sisters. How about you?
Speaker B: She was my high school
classmate. I never knew anything
about her personal life so we were
kind of surprised when she sent us the
invitation. As always, she is very
private.
Speaker A: I see, well she’s really like
that. Ever since we were kids, she has
always been a very quiet person.
2.
Speaker A: Excuse me, would you
know how to get to the nearest mall?
Speaker B: Yes, in fact, you may go
there on foot or simply take a jeepney.
If you walk, it will take you about 20
minutes to get there. You can just
take the exit gate near the hospital
then turn left and walk straight ahead.
You won’t miss it because of the big
sign. Jeepney’s take the same route
and it should not take you more than
10 minutes even with the traffic.
Speaker A: Thank you very much. I
think I will just take the public
transportation as I am running out of
time. You have been really helpful.
Thanks again.
 Extended Communication
• Involves the use of electronic media unlike before,
when it only called for the use of television and
radio, nowadays, the description of extended
communication may be expanded as to include tele,
audio, or phone conferencing; video-conferencing;
Skype calls; and other technological means.
Example: e-conference
• With the use of electronic media, messages are
transmitted quickly.
 Organizational Communication
• The focus is on the role that communication
plays in organizational contexts. Organizations
comprise individuals who work for the
company.
• For an organization to be successful, a system
of communication should be put in place. A
set of rules or standards for communication
protocol should be made clear so that
interaction patterns are established.
There are two types of organizational structure:
1) Formal Structure – allows communication to
take place via designated channels of
message flow between positions in the
organization. This may make use the four
approaches:
Downward Communication
Upward Communication
Horizontal Communication
Crosswise Communication
2) Informal Communication – comes from
unofficial channels of message flow. Also known
as “grapevine” messages coming from different
levels of the organization are transmitted.

• This occurs due to dissatisfaction of some

employees accompanied by uncertainty, such
as superiors playing favorites and unfavorable
or unacceptable company rules and
regulation.
• Each organization has its own culture. Yhis is
referred to as “Organizational Culture”.

• Based on its history and development, an

organization develops its its own core values,
vision and mission, statement, goals, and
objectives.
 Intercultural Communication
• It is a communication between or among people having
different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional
backgrounds.
• Even gender difference affects communication. Individuals
having different orientations communicate and interpret
messages differently. This particularly happens with non-
verbal communication. For instance:
Australians vs Indians eye contact
Indians vs Westerners waving of hands from side to side
Filipinos twitching of lips
 Types of Communication According to
Purpose and Style
• Formal communication – employs formal
language delivered orally or in written form. To
inform, to entertain, and to persuade are the
main objectives of this type of communication.
• Informal communication – does not employ
formal language. It involves personal and
ordinary conversations with friends, family
members, or acquaintances about anything
under the sun.