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Chapter 01 and 02 2023
Chapter 01 and 02 2023
“astron” = star
“nomos” = law
Along the Milky Way in the other direction from Cassiopeia (whose “W” is relatively easy to
find), we come to a cross of bright stars directly overhead. This “Northern Cross”
Winter Sky
Farther toward the east, rising earlier every evening, is the constellation Orion
Winter Sky
Orion is warding off
Taurus, the Bull, whose
head is marked by a large
“V” of stars. A
Orion Nebula
Farther toward the east, rising earlier every evening, is the constellation Orion
Winter Sky
Orion Nebula
Winter Sky
Canis major
Spring Sky and Summer Sky
150 billion km
Speed of light
How much is a light sec? 8
𝑐 ≈ 3.0× 10 𝑚/ 𝑠
ROY G BIV
y(t)
1
𝑓=
𝑇
𝑣 =𝜆 𝑓
𝐸=h𝑓
All EM radiation has same velocity which is represented by:
8
𝑐 ≈ 3.0× 10 𝑚/ 𝑠
𝑐= 𝜆 𝑓
R
Understanding light
𝜆
O Q1. What is the frequency of violet light of
wavelength 400 nm?
𝜆
Y Q2. If the lowest and highest visible
wavelengths are 380 nm and 740 nm find the
𝜆 range in frequency.
The wavelength ranges in
G average 400 to 700 nm
Q3. If one photon has 10 times the frequency
𝜆
of another photon, which photon is the more
B 8
𝑐 ≈ 3.0× 10 𝑚/ 𝑠 energetic, and by what factor?
𝑐= 𝜆 𝑓
𝜆
I
c constant, longer wavelength will
𝜆
have high frequency
V 𝐸=h𝑓
𝜆 Higher frequency will have higher energy
Arabia Black Drace
Black body Radiation
A body which absorbs all incident radiation. It is a perfect absorber.
Stephen Boltzmann’s Law
𝑃
=𝜎 𝑇 4
𝐴
Winn’s Law
𝜆 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇 =0.29 𝑐𝑚𝐾
5800 K
Black body Radiation
−2
0.29 𝑐𝑚𝐾 0.29 ×10
𝑇= =
𝜆 𝑚𝑎𝑥 9550 ×10
−9
Q3. Suppose the peak of a particular star’s spectrum occurs at about 6000 Å.
(a) Use Wien’s law to calculate the star’s surface temperature.
(b) If this star were a factor of four hotter, at what wavelength would its spectrum peak? In what part of the
electromagnetic spectrum is this peak?
Are the colors continuous?
Hydrogen spectra
• If light of a continuous spectrum is incident on a gas of hydrogen atoms, then electrons will absorb some of
the light.
• As a result, bands of the spectrum are missing; these are called absorption lines.
• By the way, these same atoms emit the same colors in an emission spectrum.
What is the Sun made of?
Each element
Comparing the produces a specificofset
relative strengths of absorption
these (and
sets of lines, we emission)
can studylines.
the
composition of gases.
• If excited hydrogen atoms fall to lower energy states, photons will be emitted.
• The emitted photons will be detected as light of certain bands of frequencies (i.e. colors).
• The collection of bands (or lines) forms an emission spectrum.
Emission from hot star versus emission from
cool gas thin cloud
Doppler’s Effect: Source Moving
Source Moving
λ
λ λ’
λ’
The light of a
moving source is
blue/red shifted by
Dl/l0
l0 = actual
wavelength
emitted by the
Blue Shift (to higher
source
Red Shift (to lower
frequencies) Dl = Wavelength
frequencies)
change due to
Doppler effect
The Doppler effect for light
Order matters!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift
Moving stars
𝒙 − 𝒙 𝑴𝑷 𝒚 − 𝒚 𝑴𝑷
=
𝒙 𝑩 𝑷 − 𝒙 𝑴𝑷 𝒚 𝑩 𝑷 − 𝒚 𝑴𝑷
2
𝐴=𝜋 𝑟