Changes of State

Heating and Cooling Curves

Chapter 6
Changes of State
Physical changes
Melting/ freezing
Boiling/ condensation
Sublimation/deposition

These changes of state will occur with

changes in Temperature, changes in
pressure, or combinations of both.
Constant Pressure
Most state changes commonly observed
on Earth occur at constant pressure and
changing temperature.
Materials have a specific temperature at
which they change state.
Melting point and Freezing– temperature at
standard pressure where the transition
between solid and liquid occur
Boiling point and Condensation point -
temperature at standard pressure
where the transition between liquid and
gas occur
Sublimation point and deposition point
– temperature and pressure conditions
where solid to gas transitions occur
Energy Requirements for State
Changes
The difference between melting point and
freezing point is whether heat is being added
or removed from the material.
Heat of Vaporization - the amount of heat that
must be added to a substance to convert
between liquid and gas. (boiling) It is the
same amount of heat that must be removed
for that same material condense.
Calculation:
(on board)
Heat of Fusion - the amount of heat
that must be added to a materials to
convert solid to liquid (melting). It is
the same amount of heat that must be
removed for that same material to
freeze.
Calculation
(on Board)
Phase Diagrams
It is possible to melt substances at
nearly every temperature if the
pressure is altered.
Graphs that provide temperature and
pressure conditions for that substance
to melt/freeze boil/condense
sublime/deposit.
Phase Diagrams
Triple point - the temperature and
pressure conditions that all three states
of matter exist in equilibrium.
Normal boiling temperature – the
temperature a material boils at 1 atm,
760 mmHg or 101.325 KPa
Normal melting point – temperature a
material melts at 1atm, 760mmHg or
101.325 Kpa
Critical point - temperature and
pressure conditions where it is
impossible for the material to condense
(likely to explode)
Regions of Solid, liquid, and gas are
separated by change of state lines.
Additional Vocabulary:
Volatile – liquids that boil at low temps
(below room temp) and evaporate quickly
at room conditions
Liquefaction – the condensation of
substances that are normally gases
Change of State Graphs
In order to carefully calculate energy
necessary to transition material
between states it is recommended
make a graph.
Regions of the graph can be used as
guides to calculate.
Calculations:
Calculate Heat of Vaporization for
boiling/condensing
Calculate Heat of Fusion of
melting/freezing
Calculate Specific Heat Capacity when
the material has a change in
temperature
Total Heat
Add the Fusion, Vaporization, and
Specific Heat Capacity number for a
total.