Breast Cancer

• Ashgan Mousa 22010665

• Heyam Suboh 22010685
• Rania Abu Rajab 22011049
• Saja Jabarin 22017032
• Sara
Breast disorders (non cancerous)

• Breast disorders encompass a wide range of medical conditions

that can affect the breast tissue, including the glands, ducts, and
supporting structures. Here are some common breast disorders:

• Breast cysts, gynecomastia, mastitis, painful breast and

Generalized breast lumpiness.
 Breast cyst

• Breast cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the breast tissue,
leading to breast pain or discomfort.
• It is associated with breastfeeding.
• It occur in older women but can occur sometimes in younger.
• Treatment may involve draining the fluid from the cyst to relieve
symptoms, but in many cases, no treatment is necessary. Regular
breast monitoring and evaluation by a healthcare provider are essential
to ensure proper breast health.
Gynecomastia

Gynecomastia is a condition in men where breast tissue becomes

enlarged, often due to hormonal imbalances.

Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts and can occur at any
age.

Gynecomastia can be caused by hormonal imbalances, particularly

an increase in estrogen relative to testosterone. Common causes
include puberty, aging, medications, underlying medical
conditions, or the use of anabolic steroids and certain recreational
drugs.
Mastitis
• Mastitis is an infection of the breast tissue, often affecting
breastfeeding women. It causes redness, pain, and swelling in the
breast.
• It caused by a bacterial infection. It can occur when bacteria enter
the breast tissue through a cracked or sore nipple. The most
common bacteria responsible for mastitis is Staphylococcus
aureus.

Breast Abscess

• A breast abscess is a painful collection of pus in the breast tissue,

often resulting from an infection.
• It is usually the result of a bacterial infection, often arising from
mastitis.
 Generalized breast lumpiness

• Often referred to as fibrocystic breast changes or fibrocystic breast disease, is a common and benign
condition that can affect many women. It is characterized by the presence of multiple small to medium-
sized lumps or nodules in the breast tissue.

• The exact cause of fibrocystic breast changes is not well understood, but it is thought to be related to
hormonal fluctuations. Hormones such as estrogen and progesterone can influence breast tissue density
and fluid retention.

• Women with fibrocystic breasts may experience breast pain or tenderness, especially before
menstruation. The lumpiness may change in size and tenderness throughout the menstrual cycle.
• Multiple small to medium-sized lumps or nodules in the breast tissue.
• Breast pain or tenderness, typically cyclical and more pronounced before or during menstruation.
• Changes in the texture, size, and tenderness of the lumps throughout the menstrual cycle.
• Fluctuating symptoms with some months being more uncomfortable than others.
• Typically, no changes in the appearance of the skin over the breast.
Fibroadenoma

• Is a common benign (non-cancerous) breast tumor that primarily

affects young women. Fibroadenomas are smooth, well-
delineated lumps in the breast. They are typically firm, mobile,
and often painless. They can vary in size.
• They are most common in women in their late teens to early
thirties.
• Treatment may not be necessary for small, asymptomatic
fibroadenomas. If they cause discomfort, grow, or if there's
diagnostic uncertainty, they can be removed surgically or
through minimally invasive procedures.
Breast Pain

• Breast pain The most common type of breast pain is

• • Associated with swelling of the breast tissue during the menstrual
cycle.
• • It’s almost always hormonal. Some young women begin to have pain
around the time of ovulation that continues until the beginning of their
menstrual cycle.
• • The pain may be felt in only one breast or may be felt as a radiating
sensation in the under-arm region.
• •The pain can either be barely noticeable or so severe that she cannot
wear tight-fitting clothing or tolerate close contact of any kind.
• •Other causes of breast pain can include:
• •Infection
• •Injury
 Breast Tumors

malignant Benign

Cancerous Not cancerous

 Benign Tumors

 Not cancerous.

 Benign breast tumors: are abnormal growths, but they do not spread outside of the
Breast and they are not life threatening.

 Most lumps are caused by the combination of cysts and fibrosis.

• Cysts are fluid-filled sacs.

• Fibrosis is the formation of scar – like tissue.

 These changes can cause breast swelling and pain.

 Malignant Tumors

 Malignant (cancerous) tumors.

 Malignant tumors: are made of cancer cells that can grow uncontrollably
and invade
Nearby tissues.

 The cancer cells in a malignant tumor tend to abnormal and very

different from the
Normal surrounding tissue.
Clinical manifestation

According to American cancer society, any of the following unusual changes in

:the breast can be a symptom of breast cancer

• A lump or thickening in or near the breast or in the underarm area.

• Nipple pain or tenderness.
• A change in the size or shape of the breast.
• The skin of the breast, areola, or nipple may be scaly, red, or swollen.
• Enlarged axillary or supraclavicular lymph nodes.
• A nipple turned inward into the breast.
• Skin irritation or dimpling breast pain.
• Unilateral nipple discharge other than breast milk.
Risk factors

• Age , risk start to rise after age after 50.

• Gender.
• Family history.
• Radiation therapy to the chest .
• Hormone replacement therapy.
• Oral contraceptive.
• Drinking alcohol.
Diagnosis of breast cancer

• Diagnostic tests and procedures for breast cancer include:

• Breast exam
• Mammograms
• Breast ultrasound
Breast MRI scan
• Biopsy
• Women in their 20s and 30s should have a
clinical breast exam every 3 years.

• After age 40, women should have a breast exam

every year
Breast self exam
BSE

• Begin with a visual examination of your breasts

• Sit or stand in front of a mirror with your arms at your sides. To
inspect your breasts
• looking for any changes in the contour or shape of the breasts,
any dimpling, swelling, or other skin irregularities on or around
the breasts, or any changes in the nipples.
BSE
• Lying Down

• When lying down, the breast tissue spreads out evenly along the
chest wall. Place a pillow under your right shoulder and put your
right arm behind your head. Using your left hand, move the pads
of your 3 middle fingers around your right breast, covering the
entire breast area and armpit.
 In the Shower

• With the pads/flats of your 3 middle fingers, check the entire

breast and armpit area, pressing down with light, medium, and
firm pressure. Check both breasts each month, feeling for any
new lumps, thickenings, hardened knots, or any other breast
changes.
MAMMOGRAMS

• An x-ray of the breast.

• It uses a very small amount of radiation.

1. screening mammogram

2. diagnostic mammogram
BIOPSY

• A biopsy is done when other tests show that you might have
breast cancer.
• It confirms if a mass is cancerous or not.
• Mass is removed and studied.
 Prevention

1. Alcohol.
2. Physical exercise.
3. Diet.
4. Breast cancer screening.

Treatment
The treatment of breast cancers depend on various factors, like: the type of
breast cancer, the stage and grade of the breast cancer, the patient’s overall
health.

Treatment options may include: surgery, radiation therapy, biological therapy,

hormone therapy.
References
• Cancer Research UK. (2021). "Paget's Disease of the Nipple."
• American Cancer Society. (2021). "Fibroadenomas of the
Breast.“