LIE

•it is also called PREVARICATION

• a type of deception in the form of an
untruthful statement do deceive, often with
further intention maintain a secret or
reputation, protect someone’s feelings from
getting hurt, or avoid punishment.
 1. The Neurology of Lying

•Neuropsychologists know that there is a

difference in brain activity when a person
tells the truth instead of telling a lie. Different
parts of the brain are used to deliberately tell
a falsehood than speak the truth.
 Types of LIARS

1. PANIC LIAR
•Those who lie in order to avoid the
consequence of confession
2. OCCUPATIONAL LIAR
•Those who lie when it has a higher pay off
that telling the truth.
 Types of LIARS

3. TOURNAMENT LIAR
• Those who love to lie and is excited by the
challenge of not being detected.
✓ He views interrogation / interview as a contest and wants to
win
✓He realizes that he or she will probably be convicted but will
not give anyone the satisfaction
of having /her confess
 Types of LIARS

4. ETHNOLOGICAL LIAR
•Those who had taken a creed, either
personal or with others that he/she will never
tell the truth, which is usually the creed of the
underworld gang i.e, training: “what you see,
what you hear, when you leave, leave it here.”
 Types of LIARS

5. PSYCHOPATHIC LIAR
•Those who have no conscience since shows
no regret for their dishonest actions and no
manifestation of guilt
Most difficult type of liar because he is a good
actor and he can fool most investigator
 Types of LIARS

6. PATHOLOGICAL LIAR (Pathological Liar: All You Need to Know, n.d.)

•Those who are suffering from a mental

abnormality Aka Compulsive Lying,
Pseudologia fantastica,and Mythomania
•They lie because they find their life unexciting.
They may tell lies with no apparent benefits
forthem to do so
 Types of LIARS

6. PATHOLOGICAL LIAR (Pathological Liar: All You Need to Know, n.d.)

•Those who are suffering from a mental

abnormality Aka Compulsive Lying,
Pseudologia fantastica,and Mythomania
•They lie because they find their life unexciting.
They may tell lies with no apparent benefits
forthem to do so
✓Called as such because they are suffering from
a mental abnormality
✓Cannot distinguish what is right from wrong
 Types of LIARS

7. BLACK LIAR
• somebody who pretends to have admirable
principles, beliefs, or feelings but behaves
otherwise
•Those who always pretends or a hypocrite_
Greek hupokritēs “actor, pretender”)
✓These are those who are called "pakitang-
tao.”
✓Those who pretend that they know/have
knowledge about the issue when in fact he has
none or very little info about such
A. TYPES OF LIES
1. BALD-FACE LIE
•the bare faced lie is a lie that is told when it
is evident to all concerned that it is a lie.
For example, a child who has chocolate all over
his face and denies that he has eaten the last
piece of chocolate cake is a bald-faced liar.
2. DIRECT DENIAL
•Denying the act in question entirely
•Aka Lie of Commission (Andreae)i.e
“I did not do it” or “I was not there.”
3. DECEPTIVE LIE (Pease,n.d.)
The lie is told in order to harm or
disadvantage the victim for their benefit
• It can be done thru concealment or
falsification
A. LIE OF OMISSION
• Admitting some part/details that
createpossible troubles
• They will tell the truth but will lie or omit
those details that might put them in trouble
• omitting an important fact, deliberately
leaving another person with a misconception
B. LIE OF FABRICATION
Those who cover the truth with a fabricated
story (they invent stories to hide the truth)
4. LIE OF MINIMIZATION
Those who accept that something had occurred
but downplays the implication

i,e.
Situation: Mr. X complains that Mr. Y boxed
him, which caused his nose to be broken
Lie: Mr. Y said he only slapped Mr.X
5. LIE OF EXAGGERATION
•Those who overstate the truth
✓Usually used in resume especially on
experiences, knowledge, skills, salary, and
length of service
6. BENIGN OR WHITE LIE
•lie in order to maintain the harmony of
friendship,home,or office
•lying in order not to hurt other people
(Pease,n.d.)
✓ The lie is told to avoid the harmful
implications and practical implications of the
truth.
7. EMERGENCY LIE
•An emergency lie is a strategic lie told when
the truth might not be told because, for
example, harm to a third party would come of
it.
used when you intend to help others
(Pease,n.d.)
For example: a neighbor might lie to an
engaged husband about his unfaithful wife's
whereabouts because said husband might
reasonably be expected to inflict physical injury
to his husband.
8. NOBLE LIE
•one that would normally cause discord if
were uncovered, but that offers some benefit to
the liar and perhaps assists in
•an orderly society and potentially benefits
others.
It is often told to maintain law, order, and
safety.
9. RED LIE
•Used to destroy other ideologies through
propaganda

10. JOCOSE LIE

•Lies that are meant in jest and are
usuallyunderstood as such by all present
parties.
•Sarcasm can be an example.
11. MALICIOUS LIE
•Chronic lie purely used to mislead/obstruct
justice
•Aka Rumor-mongering. The lie is told to
destroy the character and reputation of their
victims (Peasen.d.)
BLUFFING
Pretending to have capability or intention, one
doesn't. Bluffing is an act of deception that is not
usually see nas immoral because it takes place
in the context of a game where this kind of
deception is consented to in pnp advance by the
players.
DISSEMBLING
A polite term for lying, though some might
consider it being merely misleading.
It is merely considered to be a euphemism for
lying.
AUGUSTINE'S TAXONOMY OF LIES

1. Lies in religious teaching.

2. Lies that harm others and help no one.
3. Lies that harm others and help someone.
4. Lies told for the pleasure of lying
5. Lies told to “please others in smooth
discourse.”
AUGUSTINE'S TAXONOMY OF LIES

6. Lies that harm no one and that help

someone.
7. Lies that harm no one and that save
someone's life.
8. Lies that harm no one and that save
someone's purity
 B. SIGNS OF LYING
(Schafer)
1. VERBAL CLUES/SIGNALS

Easier for a deceptive subject to control than

nonverbal signals.
It may take the form of changes in voice quality,
stuttering or slurring words, etc.
 a. Method of Responding to the question

•Truthful: direct in giving their answers

•Untruthful: cautious in giving their answers

b. Length of time before giving a response

•Truthful: answers the question immediately after the question is asked

•Untruthful: take time in giving a response awkward silence or a delaying
tactic, such as “who me” or “why would I do that.”
c. Repetition of the question because it's a means to
gain time to frame his/her answer

✓ it may be a repeated word for word, or the

respondent may frame the answer with a request to
repeat the question
i.e.
 “Are you asking if I bribed?”
The question answered was, “Have you ever gave a
gift to Mr. A.?”
the truthful subject does not have to think his/her
answer

d. Fragmented or Incomplete Sentences

•Untruthful speak in disjointed/curtailed sentences

Reason: he has started the answer, then thought
better of it
✓ Uses: I...I... can't think...it seems ......to the best of
my memory...If I recall correctly...
 e. Being overly polite
•Truthful: immediate “no”/” yes”
•Untruthful: uses pleasing
Words , i.e., “Boss ,”“Chief ,”“Sir ,
to tell you the truth,
I did not do it.”
 f. Oaths
· UnTruthful: frequently utter oaths such as "I swear to
God I did not do it.”
· Truthful: does not need to swear/affirm they are
ardent in their denials
g. Clarity of response
·Truthful: very clear in their response
·Untruthful: speak softly and broaden their answer
 h. Use of words
·Truthful: have no trouble denying the allegation in
precise terms
Untruthful: have problem with the use of words and
tend to deny specific instances i.e., “I didn't take the
5000 in kickback"(maybe it is 10 000)

i. Assertiveness
·Truthful: confident about their innocence
·Untruthful: respond with waivers
 j. Inconsistencies
Contradicting testimonies
i.e., Mr. B says he met Mr. A for drinks and then denies it later
possible reason: he was mistaken
k. Slip of the tongue
One who referred to Mr. Santos when he intended to say, Mr.
Juan
-Could Mr. Santos then be the truth and Mr. Juan is the lie
 1. Tirade
•Arise at the time of danger or other strong
emotion
✓The suspect reveals more than a word or two
✓In a slip of the tongue, one only; in a tirade,
more than 2.
m. Pauses
•Gap in speech patterns may indicate deception
 n. Speed of speech

•Increased speed of speech during the relevant

part of the questioning could show deception
because persons who are tense or upset frequently
increases the swiftness of their speech
2. NONVERBAL CLUES/SIGNALS Body Language

Best considered as a means of confirming the

symptoms and information that are generated through
the questions and answers during
interrogation/examination
✓body language is extremely difficult to control
can be a reaction to a verbal statement,
question,remark, photograph, or the sight of evidence
 a. Emblems
•Expressions made with the body, whose meanings are clearly
understood

✓These are the non-verbal gestures or signs that can be

directly translated into or substituted for words
i.e.

shaking or nodding of the head shrugging of shoulders thumbs

up sign
 b. Manipulators

•The usual behavior of touching one's self

✓Fidgeting more restlessly
•Increase as the stress arises; however, it also increases
when a person is relaxed and when they are out of boredom

-Wringing the hands

-Popping knuckles
-Chewing nails-
-Picking lint from clothes-
-Clearing the throat
 Suprasternal Notch.
This is the indentation at the base of the neck. It is one of the
most vulnerable parts of the body because any infiltration can
interfere with normal breathing. When liars feel threatened,
they sometimes cover their suprasternal notch to
psychologically protect themselves against the threat of
discovery. Women lying while wearing necklaces may grab,
tug, or pull at their necklaces as a means to protect their
suprasternal notch (Schafer).
 Most Common Body Language Signs of Lying(Gorsvan, Signs
of Lying in Body Language, n.d.)

i. COVERING ONE'S MOUTH

A lying person covers his mouth with his hand as if he is trying to

prevent the deceitful words from
being said. It could be just a few fingers covering the lips or the whole
fist-the meaning does not change.
If the person who is using this gesture of covering the mouth is the
one who is speaking, it means he might be lying. However, if you are
speaking and the listener uses this gesture, it might mean that he feels
that you are not honest and sincere with him.
 ii. SCRATCHING
ONE'S NECK
• Touching the neck below the
earlobe around five times:
often a sign of doubting or
disagreeing with what has
been said
 iii. TOUCHING
ONE'S NOSE
• If speaker: could be lying

• If listener: doubt what he is

hearing
 V. RUBBING ONE'S EYES

• It may be a sign of lying when

done by the speaker or disliking
what has been seen.
It may also be accompanied
by looking away while lying.
 Other Body Language Indicative of
Deception(Dempsey,2007)

•Lack of Emphatic Gestures. Liars typically experience

difficulty using emphatic gestures such as finger-pointing,
light hand tapping on a table, or forward head movements.
Denials combined with emphatic gestures usually indicate
truthfulness (Schafer).
 Backward Head Movement. Liars will tend to move their heads
slightly backward when they lie. This subtle gesture is an attempt
to distance themselves from the source of their anxiety. People
tend to lean toward the people and things they like and distance
themselves from people and things they dislike (Schafer).
 Jaw Manipulation. Some liars open their mouths and slide
their jaws back and forth. The back and forth movement of
the jaw stimulates the salivary glands in the back of the
throat. This movement is an attempt to moisten their dry
throats due to the fight-or-flight response (Schafer).

•Backward Leaning. Liars often sway their entire bodies

slightly backward to distance themselves from their targets.
People are lying to cause us anxiety because of the fear of
being caught by them (Schafer).
• Eyebrows

• One raised. Confused, skeptical, probably truthful

• Squeezed together and lowered. Angry, worried, confused

•Eyes

• Breaks eye contact (one to two seconds is common), suddenly

tensed. Probably lying and may not resume eye contact until a new
subject is discussed

• Rapid blinking. Nervous, probably lying

 Eye Pointing. Our eyes point to where the body
wants to go. Liars often look toward the nearest exit,
telegraphing their desire to physically and
psychologically escape the anxiety caused by lying.
(People who look at their watches telegraph the same
message, signaling a desire to cut short a
conversation.) (Schafer)
 •Hands

°Cover both eyes. Probably lying

°Over mouth. Probably lying
°On chin. Probably truthful
°Touches or rubs nose while talking. Probably lying

• Legs
Men with crossed legs. Probably lying
 • Feet
°Move beneath the chair. Probably lying

°One tucked beneath the other. Probably truthful

°Liars will also often point their feet toward the door,
signaling their desire to physically and
psychologically escape an uncomfortable situation
(Schafer).
 Other Indications of
Lying
1. Sitting posture

•Deceptive:
-slouches rather than sitting upright
-sits rigidly instead of relaxedly
- does not face the interrogator but looks to the side
- sits with arms or leg crossed
- shifts sitting positions often and in a very jerky manner
Backward Leaning. Liars often sway their
entire bodies slightly backward to distance
themselves from their targets. We are lying to
cause us anxiety because of the fear of being
caught by them (Schafer).
2. Breathing
•An increase in breathing rate interval may be a sign
of deception

3. Sweating
•An increase in sweating is one of the most common
symptomps that may appear as a result of pressure
4. Dry mouth

•May indicate deception when done during the time of the

critical question.

✓ A dry mouth accompanies deep emotion

5. Facial muscles

•Twitching of facial muscles may take a split

second only, but we can notice contradictions of
what we try to say and what we feel (Gorsvan,
n.d.)
6. Face (Gorsvan, n.d.)

•Face touching: lying, covering up for someone,

exaggerating, doubting, or even being uncertain

•face touching gesture may mean that the person is

just holding back some information.

•Indicates what the liar is trying to show and what he or she is

trying to hide
 7. Eyes (Gaze aversion)

Neurolinguistic Eye Movement (Swanson, et al., 2000)

1. Up and to the Left

•Indicates visually constructed images (Vc)
•The individual is creating visually

2. Up and to the right

•Indicates visually remembered images (Vr)
•The individual recalls visually that he actually
experienced
3. To the left
•Indicates auditory constructed (Ac)
•The individual is creating an auditory memory

4. To the right
•Indicates remembered (Ar)
•Recalling sounds actually experienced

5. Down and to the left

•Indicates Feeling/Kinesthetic (F)
 6. Down and to the right

•Indicates internal dialog (Ai)

•Getting in touch with one's feelings
 Subtle nonverbal cues that indicate deception
car provide additional support to determine if a
person is lying to you, but remember: No one
nonverbal cue determines veracity.
THREE EMOTIONS CLOSELY RELATED TO
THE ACT OF
DECEPTION (Swanson et al., 2000)

1. Fear of being caught lying

The extent of the fear - mild, moderate, heavy-
influence the subject's reaction
2. Guilt about lying is distinguished from any
feelings about
the content of the lie.

• The greater the guilt about lying, the greater will

be
the emotional reaction irrespective of the
existence or
degree of guilt about the criminal act itself
 3. Positive feeling for the liar

• Applies to subjects who experienced some

excitement at the challenge of being deceptive or at
successfully deceiving the interrogator, especially if
the interrogator
has a reputation of being hard to deceive.
Thank You
Presented by : Amasan Kaye
Opanes, Gilca E.
Villarin, Nadine Kyle J.