Functional Groups of Organic

Groups

What is the family name?

Objectives:
 Define functional group
 Describe the different functional groups;
and
 Identify the functional groups in organic
compounds
Organic Chemistry
 Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon.
The name “organic” reflect the fact that
organic molecules are derived from living
organisms. In this unit will start by looking at
four families of organic molecules that are
grouped together as the hydrocarbons. Also
look at some functional groups that define
some of the other families of organic
molecules.
Functional Group
 Group of atoms that is largely responsible
for the chemical behavior of the parent
molecule

 Hydrocarbons – are organic compounds

composed of carbon-hydrogen chain
alkanes
H H
 Only carbon and
hydrogen
 All single bonds H C C H
 CnH2n+2

H H

Name based on the number of carbon atoms present in the

main parent chain.
1. Heptane

2.
Here are some examples:
Q: What should you call
cyclic hydrocarbons
made up o of just
single bonds?
A: Cycloalkanes
- these single-bonded,
cyclic hydrocarbons.
- CnH2n

- Name starts with cyclo

and ends with -ane
  Naming of Alkenes and Alkynes work the same as for
alkanes, with these added rules:
– The parent chain must include both carbons in all double and
triple bonds.
• Pick the longest chain that also contains all double and triple bonds

– The -ene ending is used of alkenes

– The -yne ending is used for alkynes.

– The number of the first carbon in the double or triple bond is included in the
name to locate the double or triple bond.
• Number the parent chain from the end that is closes to the first double or
triple bond.

13
alkenes

 Only carbon and H H

hydrogen
 A carbon to carbon double C C
bond
 CnH2n H H

Q: What should you call a molecule with two C=Cs?

A: A diene
Alkynes
 Triple-bonded
hydrocarbons
 CnH2n-2
 Name ends in -yne

1-butyne
 Ethyne

 Hex-1-yne

 octyne
Skeletal Structure
Alkenes, Alkynes & Aromatic
Compounds
 Naming of Aromatics is based on benzene:
– When the molecule is build on benzene, the
parent name is “benzene”.
– There are also many common names used to
describe aromatic compounds.

20
Aromatic
 Aromatic hyrocarbons contain a planar
unsaturated ring of atoms that is stabilized by
an interaction of the bonds forming the ring
 Methylbenzene – C6H5CH3
 Nitrobenzene
Groups Containing Halogens
1. Haloalkanes
 symbolized as RX where R-alkyl
groups and X any halogen
(F,Cl,Br,I)
 Halogen + alkanes

 C3H7Br = Bromopropane
 CH3I = Iodomethane
Groups Containing Oxygen
1. alcohols
 Only one oxygen
H H
 Has an O-H group
 Can classify as 1º/2º/3º H C C O H
according to position
of O-H group on H H
carbon skeleton

Q: Why are short-chain alcohols so soluble in water?

A: They can form hydrogen bonds with H2O molecules
1. Propanol

2. Butanol
Phenols- used as a disinfectant in
household cleaners and mouthwash
 Only one oxygen
O H
 Has an O-H group
 The O-H group is
directly attached to a
benzene ring

Q: The C6H5- group has a special name. What is it?

A: Phenyl
Ketones-an excellent solvent
 Only one oxygen
 Has a C=O group H O H
 C=O group is
attached to 2 alkyl
H C C C H
groups (RCOR’)
 Its name ends with -
H H
one Propanone or Acetone

Q: Ketones cannot easily be oxidised. Why not?

A: No hydrogen atom attached to the C=O group.
 1. 2-Butanone

2. 3-Pentanone
Aldehydes-used in tanning, preserving and
embalming and as a germicide, fungicide and
insecticide for plants and vegetables
 Only one oxygen H
 Has a C=O group O
 C=O group is at the end
of carbon chain, so is next
H C C
door to a hydrogen atom
H
 Symbolized as RCHO. Its
name ends with -al
H

Q: Aldehydes can be easily oxidised to form …?

A: Carboxylic acids
Figure 15.20 Some common aldehydes and ketones.

Methanal (formaldehyde) Used

to make resins in plywood, Benzaldehyde
dishware, countertops; Artificial almond
biological preservative flavoring

Ethanal (acetaldehyde)
2-Butanone 2-Propanone (acetone)
Narcotic product of ethanol
(methyl ethyl ketone) Solvent for fat, rubber, plastic
metabolism; used to make
Important solvent varnish, lacquer; chemical
perfumes, flavors, plastics,
other chemicals feedstock
carboxylic acids- used in the
productions of polymers, adhesives and
pharmaceutical drugs

 Has 2 oxygens H
 Has O-H and C=O groups
O
on the same carbon atom
H C C
 This -COOH group has to
be at the end of a carbon O H
chain or alkyl chain. Its H
name ends with oic acid
Ethanoic Acid
1. Butanoic Acid

2. Benzoic acid
Esters that have fragrant odors are used as a
constituent of perfume, essential oils, food
flavorings and cosmetics
 Has 2 oxygens H
 One oxygen is part of a O
H
C=O bond, the other is H C C
next door, sandwiched
between two carbons O C H
 RCOOR’, name ends
H
with -oate H

Q: This ester can be made by reacting ethanoic acid with

a an alcohol. Name the alcohol, and name the ester.
A: Alcohol = methanol; ester = methyl ethanoate
 Methyl butanoate

 Hexyl ethanoate
Ethers-solvents for fats, waxes,
perfumes and dyes
 Has 1 oxygen
 No O-H or C=O group;
H H H
ROR’ group
 The oxygen is sandwiched H C C O C H
between two carbon atoms
 Its name start with alkoxy
H H H
and ends with parent alkyl
chain name ethoxymethane or
methyl ethyl ether
Q: Why do ethers have much lower boiling points
t than their isomeric alcohols?
A: No hydrogen bonds between ether molecules (why?)
 1. ethoxybutane or butyl ethyl ether
 Draw the condensed structural formulas for the
following compounds
– A. 3 ethylpentane
– B. 3,5 diethyl-2,3-dimethyl-5-propyldecane
– C. 4-methyl-2-pentyne
– D. 2,4- dimethylcyclohexane
Write the condensed formula of
the following
Give the IUPAC name of the ff
 “What family…?” quiz
Family names:
 cycloalkane  aldehyde
 alkene  ketone
 primary (1º) alcohol  carboxylic acid
 secondary (2º) alcohol  ester
 tertiary (3º) alcohol  ether
 phenol … are you ready?

5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO!
What family does it belong to? (1)

H H
C C
H H
What family does it belong to? (2)

H
O
H C C
H
H
What family does it belong to? (3)

H
H O H

H C C C H

H H H
What family does it belong to? (4)

C O H

H
What family does it belong to? (5)

H H

H C O C H

H H
What family does it belong to? (6)

H
O
H
H C C
O C H
H
H
What family does it belong to? (7)

H O H

H C C C H

H H
What family does it belong to? (8)

O H
What family does it belong to? (9)

H H
O
H C C C
O H
H H
What family does it belong to? (10)
H

H C H
H

H C C O H

H H H
C
H
What family does it belong to? (11)

H H

C C H

H H
Answers: “What family?” quiz (1)

H H
C C
H H

alkene
Answers: “What family?” quiz (2)

H
O
H C C
H
H
aldehyde
Answers: “What family?” quiz (3)

H
H O H

H C C C H

H H H

secondary alcohol
Answers: “What family?” quiz (4)

C O H

primary alcohol
Answers: “What family?” quiz (5)

H H

H C O C H

H H

ether
Answers: “What family?” quiz (6)

H
O
H
H C C
O C H
H
H

ester
Answers: “What family?” quiz (7)

H O H

H C C C H

H H
ketone
Answers: “What family?” quiz (8)

O H

phenol
Answers: “What family?” quiz (9)

H H
O
H C C C
O H
H H

carboxylic acid
Answers: “What family?” quiz (10)
H

H C H
H

H C C O H

H H H
C
H
tertiary alcohol
Answers: “What family?” quiz (11)

H H

C C H

H H

cycloalkane
“Spot the functional groups” quiz
Functional groups:
 alkene  aldehyde
 primary (1º) alcohol  ketone
 secondary (2º) alcohol  carboxylic acid
 tertiary (3º) alcohol  ester
 phenol  ether
 arene (NEW!) … are you ready?

5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO!
Spot both the functional groups (1)

OH phenol

OH

O
carboxylic acid
Spot all three functional groups (2)
O

ester
O
O
carboxylic acid
OH
arene
Spot both the functional groups (3)

O
OH
phenol
O
ester
Spot both the functional groups (4)

primary alcohols
OH
OH

OH
secondary alcohol
Spot all three functional groups (5)

ketone
O

tertiary
OH alcohol
alkene
Spot all three functional groups (6)

aldehyde
H
alkene

arene
Spot all three functional groups (7)

ketone

arene
OCH3

ether
Functional groups quiz: results

Maximum score = 18
How did you do?
 Amines
The amine functional group contains a N atom.

C N

The systematic name for an amine is formed by

dropping the final –e of the alkane and adding the
suffix –amine.
Common names that use the name of the alkyl
group followed by the suffix –amine are also
widely used.
CH3CH2NH2 CH3CH2 NH CH2CH3
ethanamine OR diethylamine
ethylamine
Figure 15.17 General structures of amines.

Amines are classified according to the number of R groups directly

attached to the N atom.
Figure 15.18 Some biomolecules with the amine functional group.

Lysine (1° Adenine (1° amine)

amine) component of
amino acid nucleic acids
found in
proteins

Epinephrine
(adrenaline; 2° Cocaine (3°
amine) amine)
neurotransmitter in brain stimulant;
brain; hormone widely abused
released during drug
stress
 Amides

An amide contains the functional group:

O

C N

Amides, like esters, can be hydrolyzed to give a

carboxylic acid and an amine.

The peptide bond, which links amino acids in a

protein, is an amide group.
Figure 15.24 Some molecules with the amide functional group.

Acetaminophen
Active ingredient in nonaspirin
pain relievers; used to make dyes
and photographic chemicals

N,N-Dimethylmethanamide
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25)
(dimethylformamide)
A potent hallucinogen
Major organic solvent; used in
production of synthetic fibers
 Thank you for listening!!