Department of Chemistry Session 2023 – 24

B.Sc. VI Semester Chemistry Major

Physical Chemistry (II) MJS - 681 Assignment Presentation

Ideal And Non-Ideal Solution

Submitted to
Submitted by Dr. Anjali Acharya (Professor)
Neha Tiwari Dr. Akhilesh Shende (Assistant Professor)
Department of Chemistry
Roll No. 321043
Institute for Excellence in Higher Education
Objectives

The objective of an ideal solution is to achieve complete and mutual

solubility of two or more components without any change in
properties, making it behave like a single-phase system. This ideal
behavior simplifies thermodynamic calculations. However, in reality,
achieving ideal solutions is rare due to various factors like molecular
interactions and deviations from ideal behavior. The goal is to
approach ideality as closely as possible in practical applications.
 Ideal Solutions

 The intermolecular interactions between the components (A - B attractions) are of

An ideal same magnitude as the intermolecular interactions in pure components (A-A and
solution may be B-B attractions).
 Total pressure p is given by- P= PA+PB
defined as the  P=PA XA+ PBXB
 MIXING H =0 (no change in magnitude of the attractive forces)
solution which  mixing V=0 (the volume of the solution is the sum of the volumes of the
obeys Raoult's components before mixing)
 Examples of Ideal Solution
law over the (i) Benzene and toluene
entire range of (ii) n-hexane and n-heptane
(iii) Bromoethane and iodoethane
concentration. (iv) Chlorobenzene and bromobenene
 Non-Ideal Solutions

 The non-ideal solutions have the following characteristics:

NON-ideal
solution may be  The intermolecular interactions between the components ( A - B attractions) are
different from the intermolecular interactions in pure components (A- A and B-B
defined as attractions).
 PA ≠ PA ­° XA and PB° ≠ PB° XB
solution not  mixing H ≠ 0
obeys law over  mixing V ≠ 0
 Types of Non-ideal Solutions
the range of  (1) showing positive deviations from Raoult's law
concentratio  (2) showing negative deviations from Raoult's law
 Difference between solutions with positive &
negative deviation
SOLUTION HAVING POSITIVE DEVIATION SOLUTION HAVING NEGATIVE DEVIATION
Explanation of solutions with positive & negative
deviation

SOLUTION HAVING POSITIVE DEVIATION SOLUTION HAVING NEGATIVE DEVIATION

 Graph of solutions with positive & negative
deviation

SOLUTION HAVING POSITIVE DEVIATION SOLUTION HAVING NEGATIVE DEVIATION

Azeotropes

The solutions (liquid mixtures)

which boil at constant
temperature and can distil
unchanged in composition are
called azeotropes.
Reason: At this point, the composition of
TYPES
liquid and vapour phase is same and the
liquid mixture boils at constant
temperature and remains unchanged in
composition.
Explanation of Azeotropes

MINIMUM BOILING MAXIMUM BOILING

Summary

• Ideal Solution: An ideal solution is a theoretical concept where the interactions between different
components in a mixture follow Raoult's Law perfectly. According to Raoult's Law, the vapor pressure of each
component in the mixture is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution. In an ideal solution,
there are no deviations from this law, and the interactions between the molecules of different components
are identical to those between like molecules.
• Non-Ideal Solution: In contrast, a non-ideal solution deviates from Raoult's Law. This can occur due to
interactions between molecules that differ from those in an ideal solution. There are two main types of
deviations:
1. Positive Deviation: The vapor pressure of the solution is higher than predicted by Raoult's Law. This often
happens when the molecules attract each other less than the pure components attract themselves.
2. Negative Deviation: The vapor pressure of the solution is lower than predicted by Raoult's Law. This occurs
when the molecules in the mixture have stronger attractive forces than the pure components.
• Real-world solutions often exhibit non-ideal behavior, and understanding these deviations is crucial in various
fields such as chemistry and chemical engineering.
Questions and Answer

• 1. Which of the following statements regarding Ideal solutions is false?

a) Ideal solutions obey Raoult’s law under all conditions of temperature and concentrations
b) There will be some change in volume on mixing the components, i.e., ΔVmixing ≠ 0
c) There will be no change in enthalpy when the two components are mixed, i.e., ΔHmixing = 0
d) There will be no change in volume on mixing the components, i.e., ΔVmixing = 0
• Answer: b
Explanation: An ideal solution is the solution in which each component obeys Raoult’s law under all conditions of temperature and
concentrations. An ideal solution will satisfy the following conditions:
I. There will be no change in volume on mixing the components, i.e., ΔV mixing = 0.
II. There will be no change in enthalpy (i.e., no heat is evolved or absorbed) when the two components are mixed, i.e., ΔH mixing = 0.
2. Which of the following is not an example of an Ideal solution?
a) Benzene + Toluene
b) n-Hexane + n-Heptane
c) Ethyl alcohol + Water
d) Ethyl bromide + Ethyl chloride

Answer: c
Explanation: An ideal solution may be defined as the solution in which no volume change and no enthalpy
change take place on mixing the solute and the solvent in any proportion. Ethyl alcohol + Water is a Non-
Ideal solution.

3. A solution which does not obey Raoult’s law is called a non-ideal solution.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: A non-ideal solution is the solution in which solute and solvent molecules interact with one
another with a different force than the forces of interaction between the molecules of the pure
components. Non-Ideal solutions do not obey Raoult’s law.
4. Which of the following is false regarding Non-Ideal solutions?
a) They do not obey Raoult’s law
b) ΔVmixing ≠ 0
c) ΔHmixing = 0
d) They form azeotropes
Answer: c
Explanation: Non-Ideal solutions do not obey Raoult’s law. For Non-Ideal solutions, ΔVmixing ≠ 0, ΔHmixing ≠ 0.
Non-ideal solutions form azeotropes or constant boiling mixtures, i.e., they have the same concentration
in the vapour phase and the liquid phase.

5. Which of the following is an example of a non-ideal solution showing positive deviation?

a) Acetone + Carbon disulphide
b) Chlorobenzene + Bromobenzene
c) Chloroform + Benzene
d) Acetone + Aniline
Answer: a
Explanation: Chlorobenzene + Bromobenzene is an example of an ideal solution. Chloroform + Benzene
and Acetone + Aniline are examples of non-ideal solutions but they show negative deviations. Acetone +
Carbon disulphide is an example of a non-ideal solution showing positive deviation.
6. Ideal solutions do not form azeotropes.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: An azeotrope or a constant boiling mixture is a mixture that has the same concentration
in the vapour phase and the liquid phase. In azeotropes, the component ratio of unvaporized solution
is equal to that of the vaporized solution when boiling. Hence, Ideal solutions don’t form azeotropes.

7. Which of the following is not an example of a non-ideal solution showing negative deviation?
a) HNO3 + Water
b) HCl + Water
c) Acetic acid + Pyridine
d) Carbon tetrachloride + Toluene

Answer: d
Explanation: HNO3 + Water, HCl + Water and Acetic acid + Pyridine are non-ideal solutions showing
negative deviations. Carbon tetrachloride + Toluene is an example of non-ideal solution showing
positive deviation.
8. Which of the following is true regarding non-ideal solutions with negative deviation?
a) The interactions between the components are lesser than in the pure components
b) ΔVmixing = +ve
c) ΔHmixing = +ve
d) They form maximum boiling azeotropes
Answer: d
Explanation: The interactions between the components of a non-ideal solution showing negative
deviation are greater than the pure components. The change in volume and enthalpy after mixing is
negative, i.e., ΔVmixing = -ve, ΔHmixing = -ve.

9. Which of the following cannot form an azeotrope?

a) H2O + C2H5OH
b) CHCl3 + C2H5OH
c) HCl + H2O
d) Benzene + Toluene
Answer: d
Explanation: H2O + C2H5OH forms an azeotrope with a boiling point of 351.15 K. CHCl 3 + C2H5 OH
forms an azeotrope with a boiling point of 332.3 K. HCl + H 2O forms an azeotrope with a boiling point
of 383 K. Benzene + Toluene is an ideal solution and hence does not form an azeotrope.
10. Which of the following is true regarding azeotropes?
a) An azeotrope does not exhibit the same concentration in the vapour phase and the liquid phase
b) Azeotropic mixtures cannot be separated into their constituents by fractional distillation
c) In case of minimum boiling azeotropes, the boiling point of the azeotrope is higher than the boiling
point of either of the pure components
d) In case of maximum boiling azeotropes, the boiling point of the azeotrope is lesser than the boiling
point of either of the pure components

Answer: b
Explanation: Azeotropes have the same concentration in the vapour phase and the liquid phase. In case
of minimum boiling azeotropes, the boiling point of the azeotrope is lesser than the boiling point of
either of the pure components. In case of maximum boiling azeotropes, the boiling point of the
azeotrope is higher than the boiling point of either of the pure components.

11. If liquids A and B form an ideal solution, then what is the Gibbs free energy of mixing?
a) > 0
b) < 0
c) = 0
d) Not Defined
Answer: b
Explanation: The Gibbs free energy of a system at any moment in time is defined as the enthalpy of the
system minus the product of the temperature times the entropy of the system. For ideal solutions, the
value of the Gibbs Free energy is always negative as mixing of ideal solutions is a spontaneous process.

12. 5 moles of liquid X and 10 moles of liquid Y make a solution having a total vapour pressure 70 torr.
The vapour pressures of pure X and pure Y are 64 torr and 76 torr respectively. Which of the following is
true regarding the described solution?
a) The solution shows positive deviation
b) The solution shows negative deviation
c) The solution is ideal
d) The solution has volume greater than the sum of individual volumes
Answer: b
Explanation: Given,
Observed pressure = 76 torr
According to Raoult’s law,
pA = xA x pA0 = 5/15 x 64 = 21.33 torr
pB = xB x pB0 = 10/15 x 76 = 50.67 torr
Therefore, pressure expected by Raoult’s law = 21.33 + 50.67 = 72 torr.
Thus, observed pressure (70 torr) is less than the expected value. Hence, the solution shows negative
deviation.
Reference and links for further reading

• https://classnotes.org.in/class12/chemistry12/solutions/ideal-non-ideal-solution/
• https://www.sanfoundry.com/chemistry-questions-answers-ideal-non-ideal-solutions
/
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