COMPRISES THE DIFFERENCES

BETWEEN THE SAMPLE AND THE

POPULATION THAT ARE DUE SOLELY
TO THE PARTICULAR PARTICIPANTS
THAT HAVE BEEN SELECTED.

SAMPLING ERROR
 MULTIPLE DATA CAN BE PLACED IN
SINGLE TABLE IF THEY ARE RELATED
TO EACH OTHER AND IT WILL ALSO BE
AN OPPORTUNITY TO HAVE A CLEAR
VIEW OF THE STUDY AT A GLANCE

USING TABLES
 CONCLUSIONS SHOULD NOT BE
REPETITIONS OF ANY STATEMENTS
ANYWHERE IN THE THESIS.
WHAT TYPE OF SAMPLE IS THIS:
• INTENSITY SAMPLING

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLE
USE STATEMENTS WITH NUMERALS
OR NUMBERS TO DESCRIBE THE
RESULT.

TEXTUAL
THE RESEARCH POPULATION IS CHOSEN OUT
OF CONVENIENCE FROM A POPULATION FOR
OBSERVATION E.G. RECRUITING PATIENTS
WITH A PARTICULAR ILLNESS FROM
SUPPORT GROUPS.

CONVENIENCE SAMPLE
WHAT TYPE OF SAMPLE IS THIS:
• HOMOGENOUS SAMPLING

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLE
CONCLUSIONS SHOULD POINT OUT
WHAT WERE ACTUALLY OBSERVED.
 A SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM
INFORMATION RICH CASES FOR IN-
DEPTH STUDY. THE SIZE AND SPECIFIC
CASES DEPEND ON THE STUDY
PURPOSE.

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLE
WHAT TYPE OF SAMPLE IS THIS:
• TYPICAL CASE SAMPLING

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLE
 POPULARLY USE IN MANY
COUNTRIES FOR DETERMINING THE
SAMPLE SIZE FOR A SURVEY
RESEARCH

SLOVIN’S FORMULA
WHAT TYPE OF SAMPLE IS THIS:
EXTREME AND DEVIANT CASE
SAMPLING

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLE
 A ___ IS USED TO SHOW THE
CHANGE OF DATA OR TREND IN
RELATION TO TIME.

LINE GRAPHS
PRESENTS THE KEY INFORMATION ABOUT
THE MOST IMPORTANT OUTCOMES OF A
TREATMENT, INCLUDING THE BEST
EFFECT ESTIMATE AND THE CERTAINTY
OF THE EVIDENCE FOR EACH OUTCOME.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
 IT IS WHERE YOU WRITE HOW
MANY OF YOUR RESPONDENTS AND
WHY YOU CHOSE THEM AS YOUR
RESPONDENTS.

RESEARCH RESPONDENTS
WHAT TYPE OF SAMPLE IS THIS:
• STRATIFIED PURPOSEFUL
SAMPLING

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLE
THE SLOVIN’S FORMULA

n = N/(1+Ne2)
 THE SLOVIN'S FORMULA IS GIVEN
AS FOLLOWS: N = N/(1+NE2), WHERE
___ IS THE SAMPLE SIZE,

n
 THE MANNER IN WHICH A QUESTION IS
FORMULATED CAN ALSO RESULT IN
INACCURATE RESPONSES. INDIVIDUALS
TEND TO PROVIDE FALSE ANSWERS TO
PARTICULAR QUESTIONS.

INTERVIEWER’S EFFECT
 CONCLUSIONS ARE INFERENCES,
DEDUCTIONS, ABSTRACTIONS,
IMPLICATIONS, INTERPRETATIONS, GENERAL
STATEMENTS, AND/OR GENERALIZATIONS
BASED UPON THE FINDINGS.
 HELPS TO COMPARE THE
DIFFERENT SETS OF DATA AMONG
DIFFERENT GROUPS EASILY.

BAR GRAPHS
THE SLOVIN'S FORMULA IS GIVEN AS
FOLLOWS: N = N/(1+NE2), __ IS THE
POPULATION SIZE AND E IS THE
MARGIN OF ERROR TO BE DECIDED BY
THE RESEARCHER

N
 IT IS A TENDENCY TO FAVOUR THE
SELECTION OF PARTICIPANTS THAT
HAVE PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTICS.
SAMPLING BIAS IS USUALLY THE
RESULT OF A POOR SAMPLING PLAN.

SAMPLING BIAS
IS AN ERROR THAT RESULTS SOLELY
FROM THE MANNER IN WHICH THE
OBSERVATIONS ARE MADE.

NON SAMPLING ERROR

WHAT TYPE OF SAMPLE IS THIS:
• SNOWBALL OR CHAIN
SAMPLING

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLE
THE SLOVIN'S FORMULA IS GIVEN
AS FOLLOWS: N = N/(1+NE2), ___ IS
THE MARGIN OF ERROR TO BE
DECIDED BY THE RESEARCHER

e
 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS MUST CONTAIN
EACH SPECIFIC QUESTION UNDER THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND MUST
BE WRITTEN FIRST TO BE FOLLOWED BY
THE FINDINGS THAT WOULD ANSWER IT.
CONCLUSIONS SHOULD BE
FORMULATED CONCISELY.

Conclusions
WHAT TYPE OF SAMPLE IS THIS:
• THEORY BASED SAMPLING

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLE
 _________ ARE QUESTIONNAIRES,
TESTS, INTERVIEWS, OBSERVATIONS,
ETC.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
 PARTICIPANTS MAY DELIBERATELY
GIVE INCORRECT ANSWERS (FOR MANY
REASONS). THIS TYPE OF ERROR IS THE
MOST DIFFICULT TO PREVENT BECAUSE
IT RESULTS FROM OUTRIGHT DECEIT.

RESPONDENT EFFECT
IT IS WHERE YOU CONDUCT YOUR STUDY.

RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
WHAT TYPE OF SAMPLE IS THIS:
• OPPORTUNISTIC SAMPLING

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLE
USED TO SHOW PERCENTAGES OF A
WHOLE, AND REPRESENTS
PERCENTAGES AT A SET POINT IN
TIME

PIE GRAPH/CHART
 IT’S ABOUT HOW A RESEARCHER
SYSTEMATICALLY DESIGNS A STUDY TO
ENSURE VALID AND RELIABLE RESULTS
THAT ADDRESS THE RESEARCH AIMS AND
OBJECTIVES.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
WHAT TYPE OF SAMPLE IS THIS:
• CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLE
THE TYPE OF DESIGN YOU'RE USING
(E.G., A SURVEY, EXPERIMENT, OR
CASE STUDY)

RESEARCH DESIGN
THE FOLLOWING SHOULD BE THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:
THERE SHOULD BE A BRIEF STATEMENT ABOUT THE MAIN
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY, THE POPULATION OR
RESPONDENTS, THE PERIOD OF THE STUDY, METHODS OF
RESEARCH USED, THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT, AND THE
SAMPLING DESIGN. THERE SHOULD BE NO EXPLANATIONS
MADE.
TWO TYPES OF SAMPLES

CONVENIENCE AND PURPOSEFUL SAMPLES

 THE FOLLOWING SHOULD BE THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:
THE FINDINGS MAY BE TAKEN UP ALL TOGETHER BUT
CLARITY DEMANDS THAT EACH SPECIFIC QUESTION UNDER
THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM MUST BE WRITTEN FIRST
TO BE FOLLOWED BY THE FINDINGS THAT WOULD ANSWER
IT. THE SPECIFIC QUESTIONS SHOULD FOLLOW THE ORDER
THEY ARE GIVEN UNDER THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.
EXAMPLE OF USING TABLES
IN A RECENT TEST, THESE STUDENTS GOT THESE GRADES:

GRADES
GRADE AND 80-85 86-90 91-95 96-100
SECTION
GRADE 11 – A 0 5 20 10

GRADE 11 – B 5 10 10 10

GRADE 11 – C 10 15 7 3

GRADE 11 – D 8 15 9 3

GRADE 11 – E 0 20 15 0
EXAMPLE OF USING TABLES
THESE ARE THE NUMBER OF MALES AND FEMALES IN:

GENDER
GRADE AND SECTION MALES FEMALES

GRADE 11 – A 15 20

GRADE 11 – B 16 19

GRADE 11 – C 18 17

GRADE 11 – D 12 23

GRADE 11 – E 5 20
 EXAMPLE OF USING LINE GRAPH
ACCORDING TO OURWORLDDATA.ORG, THIS IS THE GRAPH OF WORLD’S BIRTHS’ RATE PER YEAR AND THE
DEATHS’ RATE PER YEAR.

160,000,000

140,000,000 137,980,000 135,130,000 133,970,000 133,990,000

120,000,000

100,000,000

80,000,000
69,250,000 67,100,000
63,170,000
60,000,000 57,940,000

40,000,000

20,000,000

0
2019 2020 2021 2022

NEWBORNS DEATHS
 EXAMPLE OF USING LINE GRAPH
ACCORDING TO OURWORLDDATA.ORG, THIS IS THE GRAPH OF WORLD’S SEX RATIO AT BIRTH (IN MALES BIRTHS
PER 100 FEMALES BIRTHS)

116

114
113
113
112 112
112

110

108 108
108 108 108

106 105.8 105.8 105.8

105.7 105.7
105.5 105.6
104.6 104.7 104.7 104.8
104

102 102.2 102.2 102.2 102.2

100

98

96
2018 2019 2020 2021

CHINA INDIA SOUTH KOREA RUSSIA USA KENYA

 EXAMPLE OF USING BAR GRAPH

Chart Title
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
INSIDE OUT 2 KUNG FU PANDA 4 DESPICABLE 4 THE GARFIELD MOVIE

ASIA AMERICA AUSTRILIA

 EXAMPLE OF USING BAR GRAPH

Chart Title
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
INSIDE OUT 2 KUNG FU PANDA 4 DESPICABLE 4 THE GARFIELD MOVIE

FEMALES MALES
 PLEASE READ YOUR BY
GROUP RESEARCH PAPER
FOR YPU TO BE ABLE TO
ANSWER THE TEST 3.
ESSAY