Common Nutritional Problem

Vitamins malnutrition diseases

Dr: Eman Roshdy
Vitamin A:
Source of Vitamin A:
Liver, orange and red vegtables
Deficiency of vitamin A causes:
– Low testosterone levels
– Night blindness
– Xerophthalmia.
In Xerophthalmia the eye fails to produce tears
leading to dryness of cornea and conjunctiva
• Excess nutrition disorders:
• Hypervitaminosis A is the condition caused by
excess of vitamin A.
• The malnutrition effects include
– angular cheilitis,
– hair loss,
– excessively dry skin,
– birth defects,
– nausea and vomiting,
– headache, blurred vision
– and reduced muscle coordination
VITAMIN B COMPLEX
• Thiamine: vitamin B1
• Riboflavin: vitamin B2.
• Niacin: nicotinic acid, PP factor
• Folic acid.
• Cyancobalamin: vitamin B12.
• Pyridoxine: vitamin B6.
• Pantothenic acid and others
Sources:
– Dietary
– Biosynthesis by intestinal flora and tissues
– Plant foods: whole-grain cereals, nuts, green leafy
vegetables.
– Animal foods: egg yolk, meat, organ meat.
– N.B. B12 is only dietary.
Function:
B-vitamins are coenzymes of many enzyme
systems of body metabolism
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
• Sources:
All animal and plant contain Vit. B1.
• The rich sources are:
• cereals, beans, peas, nuts, legumes, bran
bread, organ meat (Liver, kidney), vegetables.
• Synthesis of Vit. B 1 occurs by intestinal flora
in small amounts.
• Function:
B1 is needed for carbohydrate metabolism:
• Deficiency:
• causes impaired carbohydrate metabolism,
clinically manifested as beriberi that involves
the nerves (peripheral neuritis) and
myocardium.
• Beriberi
– Dry beriberi
– Wet beriberi
• Dry beriberi
• Anorexia, vomiting, constipation and failure to
gain weight.
• Peripheral neuritis, motor and sensory
• Later, the cranial nerves and the inferior
recurrent laryngeal nerve may be affected.
• Convulsion and coma in severe cases.
Wet beriberi
• Heart failure and cardiac involvement
manifested by tachycardia and cardiac
enlargement.
• Oedema, usually localized
• Requirements:
The recommended daily allowances:
• Men: 1.6 mg
• Pregnant: 1 .3 mg.
• Infants: 0.5 mg.
• Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
• Sources:
– Milk
– Meat
– Organ meats (liver, kidney)
– Egg
– Fish
– whole grains
– Green Leafy vegetables.
– synthesized by intestinal flora in small amounts
• Function:
• It is the group of a number of respiratory
enzymes
• Deficiency: shows mouth and eye
manifestations.
• Mouth: angular stomatitis, cheilosis, and
nasolabial dermatitis.
• Eyes: circumcorneal vascularization, with
lacrimation, photophobia, irritation and sandy
feeling.
Requirements:
The recommended daily allowances:
• Men: 1 .8 mg
• Women: 1 .5 mg
• Pregnant: 0. 8 mg
• Lactating: 2.5 mg
• Infants: 0.8 mg
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
• Sources:
• Vit. B6 is widely distributed in plant and
animal foods.
• The good sources are liver, kidney, meat, fish,
yeast, peanuts, Soya beans and some
vegetables and bran.
• Synthesis: The Vitamin can be produced by
bacterial and tissue synthesis.
Function: .
• It is the coenzyme essential in amino acid and
fat metabolism.
• It is also necessary for tryptophan to niacin
conversion.
Deficiency:
• Seborrhoeic dermatitis,
• cheilosis
• neuropathy.
Requirements:
A balanced diet provides the required supply.
• Infants: 0.5 mg
• Children: 0.6 mg
• The adult needs 1-2 mg
• Pregnant and lactating: 1.5 - 2 m
Vitamin B7 (niacin)
• Sources
Dietary and biosynthesis.
• Dietary:
• Liver, kidney, fish, meat, yeast and eggs.
• Maize is deficient in nicotinic acid and
tryptophan.
• Wheat are not deficient.
Deficiency: pellagra
• which is usually common among poor people.
• Clinical picture:
• Rough skin, mainly on the exposed surfaces to
sun as well as under pressure point.
• Gastro intestinal disturbances
• Mental disturbances as dementia, increased
reflexes
Requirements: The recommended daily
allowance:
• Men: 21 mg
• Women: 17 mg
• Pregnant: 24 mg
• Lactating: 24 mg
• Infants: 10 mg
Cyancobolamine vitamin. B12
Sources:
Rich sources are
• Organ meat (liver, kidney)
• Meat, fish, nuts, beans
• Cereals, vegetables.
• Synthesis:
• It is synthesized by intestinal flora.
• Function:
• It is involved in the synthesis of nucleoproteins
and normal red cell formation.
• Nervous tissue metabolism.
• Conversion of folic Acid into folinic acid.
• Actively regenerating cells as bone marrow
Deficiency:
• Pernicious anaemia
• macrocytic megaloblastic anemia.
• Sclerosis of posterior and lateral column
Requirements:
• No figure is given to the recommended daily
allowance
• Folic Acid
Sources:
• Liver, kidney, and fresh dark-green leave
vegetables are rich sources.
Moderate amounts are present in meat, eggs,
nuts whole grain cereals and lentils.
• Milk is poor in folic acid.
• There is no bacterial synthesis.
• Function:
It plays a role in the formation of nucleo-
proteins which are necessary for red blood
cells in the bone marrow.
• Deficiency:
• It leads to arrest of erythropoiesis at the
megaloblastic stage” megaloblastic anemia
Macrocytic anemia.
• Requirements:
The recommended daily requirement has not
been determined.
• Vitamin C:
Deficiency: Scurvy is the result of deficiency of
vitamin C.
Symptoms include: bleeding gums and mucous
membranes and suppurating wounds.
Excess nutrition: Excess of vitamin C may lead to
diarrhea and upset stomach.
• Vitamin D:
Deficiency malnutrition diseases:
• Rickets in children
• Osteomalacia in adults.

Excess nutrition disorders: Excess of vitamin D

leads to hypervitaminosis D
• Vomiting,
• Dehydration
• Constipation.
Thank you