Org.Chem.

PPT1
Course Content

Unit 1: Introduction

Unit 2: Functional groups occurring in nature

Unit 3 : Stereochemistry and types

Unit 4 : Ring structures (aromatic compounds) with biological importance

Unit 5:Chemistry of naturally occurring bioorganic compounds

Unit 6: Methods of separation of and identification of biomolecules

 Unit 1: Introduction to organic chemistry
1.1 Importance of organic chemistry

 Organic chemistry : is the study of the structure, properties, composition,

reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds ,organic
compounds.
 Most of organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, but they may also
include any number of other elements (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, halogens,
phosphorus, silicon, sulfur).
 Organic compounds are useful in animal and human life, in agrichemicals,
coatings, cosmetics, detergent, dyestuff, food, fuel, petrochemicals,
pharmaceuticals, plastics, textiles , sugar, and rubber.
 The pharmaceutical industry develops, produces, and markets drugs used
as medications for humans or animals.
 Organic chemistry is applied for the development of various medicines.
 The organic chemistry is used in Research and Development to determine
various drug molecules,
 1.2 History of organic compounds

 Early chemists regarded substances isolated from organisms (plants

and animals) as a different type of matter that could not be
synthesized artificially, and these substances were thus known as
organic compounds.
 The widespread belief called vitalism held that organic compounds
were formed by a vital force present only in living organisms. The
German chemist Friedrich Wohler was one of the early chemists to
refute this aspect of vitalism.
 In 1828, he reported the synthesis of urea, a component of many
body fluids, from nonliving materials. Since then, it has been
recognized that organic molecules obey the same natural laws as
inorganic substances
1.3 The sources of organic compounds

 The four main sources of organic compounds.

Plants and animals.
Coal. Natural gas. Petroleum.
 The main sources of organic compounds are plant and animal kingdoms.
 Organic compounds are isolated from these two natural sources by solvent
extraction followed by purification.
 These two sources are again converted naturally into petroleum oil, natural gas,
and coal.
 Organic compounds always contain carbon along with other elements that are
needed for living organisms to function.
 All organic compounds are one time came from plants or animals many of our
most important substance are still derived from these sources directly or
indirectly.
 Nowadays synthesis is the most important source of organic compounds.
 Nowadays ten thousands of organic compounds are being synthesized
by scientists through out the world every year. So, the sources of
organic compounds are synthesis, Plants and animals.
 The number of organic compounds is so large that it required a
separate branch of chemistry - organic chemistry
 In organic chemistry, the structure, properties, composition,
reactions, preparations and other aspects of carbon-containing
compounds ,organic compounds are studied.
 Many organic compounds are obtained straightforwardly from plant and
animals sources by a suitable method of isolation .
 The four major categories of organic compounds found in all living things are
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
 The compounds which are obtained from these sources are –
Carbohydrates: Cellulose, starch, sugar, lactose, etc.
Protein: Food proteins, wool, silk, casein, etc.
Fats and oils: Cottonseed, soya bean oil, lard, butter, etc.
Alkaloids: Quinine, morphine, ephedrine, etc.
Perfumes: Citral, limonen, mascone, etc.
Vitamins: Vit. C, B2, B6, etc.
Hormones, Resins, rubber, etc.