Holiday homework

SCIENCE
PHYSICS
"Everything happens for a reason and that reason
is usually physics"- unknown

- Ketavya singh
TABLE OF CONTENT
• What is light • Plane mirror

• spherical mirrors
• what is reflection of light
• Uses of concave and
• what are mirrors
convex mirror
• Laws of reflection
• Ray diagram
ABOUT PROJECT
This project which is given as a holiday
homework is to prepare a teaching aid for
reflection of light -concept of mirror ,
terminology of spherical mirrors and it's ray
digram ,and make a presentation for the same.
WHAT IS LIGHT
Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation
that allows the human eye to see or makes
objects visible. It is also defined as visible
radiation to the human eye. Photons, which
are tiny packets of energy, are found in
light. Light always moves in a straight line.
Light travels at a faster rate than sound. The
speed of light in vacuum is 3×10^8 m/s
WHAT IS REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Reflection of light (and other forms of electromagnetic radiation) occurs when the waves
encounter a surface or other boundary that does not absorb the energy of the radiation and
bounces the waves away from the surface.
 WHAT ARE MIRRORS
A mirror is an optical device that reflects the light incident on it. It is used to see the image of objects. There are different kinds of mirrors, all have their own function. Basically
the mirror is the transparent glass which has two surfaces, one of these surfaces is covered with a reflecting material and the other is used for reflection .There are mainly three
types of mirrors: - Plane mirror, Concave Mirror, Convex Mirror.

• Incident ray : The ray comes from an object and hits the mirror.
• Reflected rays : The ray that reflects after hitting the reflecting
surface.
• Normal : It is the line perpendicular to the reflecting surface.
• Angle of incidence : The angle between incident ray and
normal to the surface at the point of incidence is known as
angle of incidence.
• Angle of reflection : The angle between reflected ray and
normal to the surface at the point of incidence is considered as
angle of reflection.
• Angle of deviation : The angle between the direction of
incident ray and direction of reflected ray is known as angle of
deviation. Angle of deviation is given by δ=π−2i
LAWS OF REFLECTION
There are two laws of reflection which are as follows:

Law:1 According to the first law of reflection when

a ray of light reflects off a surface, the angle
of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.
Law:2 The second law of reflection states that “the
incident ray, the normal to the surface at the
point of incidence and the reflected ray, all
lie in the same plane”.

Fact The speed of light is exactly 299 792 458 m / s .This is the speed when light is travelling in a
vacuum and not obstructed by the atmosphere.
PLANE MIRROR
A plane mirror is a reflecting surface made up of plane
glass plate having a layer of reflecting material like
silver nitrate or aluminum behind it.Plane mirror is a
mirror having a flat reflective surface with no inward or
outward curves that reflects light and forms a virtual
image. The angle of the reflection of light rays striking
the plane mirror is equal to its angle of incidence. The
image formed by a plane mirror is always upright, and
the size and shape of the image is exactly the same as
that of the object.

Properties of an image formed by the plane mirror:

The image obtained is virtual.
The image is laterally inverted.
The image is erect.
The size of the image is the same as the size of the object.
The distance between the image obtained is the same as the distance between the object from the mirror.
SPHERICAL MIRROR
A spherical mirror is a mirror whose reflecting surface is part of a hollow sphere of
glass. The spherical mirrors are of two types: concave mirrors and convex
mirrors.Spherical mirrors have a well-defined radius of curvature that extends from
the center of the sphere and forms right angles with every point on the surface. In
addition, a line drawn from a central point on the spherical surface through the
center of curvature defines the principal or optical axis of the mirror.
Concave Mirror
A concave mirror is a curved mirror where the reflecting surface is on the inner side
of the curved shape. It has a surface that curves inward, resembling the shape of the
inner surface of a hollow sphere.
Convex Mirror
Convex Mirror is a curved mirror where the reflective surface bulges out toward
the light source. This bulging-out surface reflects light outwards and is not used to
focus light.
USE OF CONCAVE AND CONVEX
MIRROR
Uses of the concave mirror in daily life
Concave mirrors are used in the Vehicles headlights.
Concave mirror is used in the Shaving mirrors.
Concave mirrors are used in the Solar furnaces.
Concave mirrors are used in the Searchlights.
Concave mirrors are used in the Torches.
Uses of Convex mirror:
• When convex mirrors are used, the magnification of objects becomes simple.
• It is used in sunglasses.
• It is used as a rear-view mirror in automobiles.
• It's utilised in ATMs and other places for security reasons.
• It's used as a reflector for street lights.
• Ray digram: Concave
• CASE 1 : Object kept at infinity
• Nature of image is real and
inverted
• size of image is highly
diminished
• position of image is at
principal focus'F'
2.RAY DIGRAM : CONCAVE
• CASE 2 : Object kept beyond the centre of
curvature 'C'

• Nature of image is real and inverted

• size of image is diminished
• position of image is between principal
focus'F'and centre of curvature 'C'
 3.RAY DIGRAM : CONCAVE
• CASE 3: Object kept at the centre of
curvature 'C'
• nature of image is real and
inverted
• size of image is same as that
of object
• position of image is at
• the centre of curvature 'C'
4.RAY DIGRAM: CONCAVE
• CASE 4 : Object kept between centre of curvature and
principal focus'F'
• nature of image is real and inverted
• size of image is magnified or
enlarged
• position of image is at the centre of
curvature 'C'
5.RAY DIGRAM: CONCAVE
RAY DIGRAM
RAY DIGRAM : CONVEX
RAY DIGRAM : CONVEX