COAL & COAL PROCESSING

Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock,
formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with
variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen,
and nitrogen. Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into peat
and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over
millions of years. Coal is a mineral, a black rock that can be extracted
from the earth and burned for fuel.

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 Coal Bed Methane
Coal bed methane (CBM) is a form of natural gas which can be recovered from coal
deposits or coal seams (a coal deposit is a geographical location containing mineable
accumulations of coal while a coal seam is entrapment of coal in underlying rock).The
gas is formed during the natural conversion of plant material into coal, known as
coalification. When coalification occurs, the coal becomes saturated with water and
methane gas is trapped within it. CBM can be recovered from coal deposits and seams
through drilling and extraction .

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 Coal reserves
Coal reserves refer to large deposits of
coal which, based on geological surveys
and engineering studies, are thought to
exist to a very high degree of certainty.

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 Coal Reserves In Bangladesh
Bangladesh holds 323 million tons (MMst) of proven coal reserves as
of 2016, ranking 48th in the world and accounting for about 0% of the
world's total coal reserves of 1,139,471 million tons (MMst).

Bangladesh has proven reserves equivalent to 153.8 times its annual

consumption. This means it has about 154 years of Coal left (at current
consumption levels and excluding unproven reserves).

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 Effects Of Different Constituent Of
Coal
1. Carbon: the main combustible component, accounting for 50-95%, the
higher the carbon content, the higher the ignition point, and the easier it is to
catch fire.
2. Hydrogen: 2-4%, Hydrogen has a high calorific value. It will account for
part of the calorific value of the coal, the bigger the better.
3. Oxygen: plays a role in supporting combustion.
4. Sulfur: It is a harmful component in coal and should be avoided.

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 Effects Of Different Constituent Of Coal(Cont..)

5. Nitrogen: When burning, it is discharged with the flue gas and loses heat.
6. Ash: the less the better.
7. Moisture: It has an influence on the combustion of coal. It contains a moderate
amount of water and can release Hydrogen, but too much water makes it difficult
to catch fire, and the smoke contains a lot of water.
8. Phosphorus: It accounts for a very small amount, and some types of coal
basically do not contain it. Phosphorus can also be burned to release heat.

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 H Y D R O G E N AT I O N O F C O A L

Hydrogenation of coal is a high-pressure process at a pressure of up

to 700 bar and 550°C. For the hydrogenation process in the reactor under
the operating conditions mentioned, hydrogen is required as a fresh gas
and as a cycle gas. The freshClick
hydrogen
to add text is obtained from a gas storage
facility and the circulating gas is recycled within the process.
Reference:https://www.neuman-esser.de/en/compressors/applications/petr
o-chemical-life-science/hydrogenation-of-coal/

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 P R E PA R AT I O N O F C O A L F O R C O O K I N G
Click to add text

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 Proper Utilization & Preservation of Natural Gas in
Bangladesh
Natural gas is the prime source of energy in Bangladesh and is needed to be utilized properly. In
some sectors natural gas is overly used despite having other alternative energy sources on the
other hand there are some sectors where there are hardly any probable fuels that can replace gas.
It is necessary to utilize gas properly in every sector and to use other fuels wherever possible.
Also it is important to reduce the wastage and increase the efficiency of natural gas in different
sectors.
Reference:https
://www.researchgate.net/publication/289374730_PRODUCTION_AND_UTILIZATION_OF_N
ATURAL_GAS_IN_BANGLADESH

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 LPG & LNG
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG, LP gas, or condensate) is a fuel gas made of petrol
which contains a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases, most commonly propane,
butane, and propylene. However, the latter two typically compose 5% or less of the
mixture .
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4, with some
mixture of ethane, C2H6) that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of
non-pressurized storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas
in the gaseous state (at standard conditions for temperature and pressure).

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 Difference Between LPG & LNG

• Light pressure is used to liquefy LPG, while LNG is liquefied cryogenically, i.e.
through exposure to extremely low temperatures
• LPG is stored, shipped and transported in tanks or cylinders, whereas LNG is stored
and shipped in purpose built cryogenic tanks. Pipelines are usually used to transport
LNG
• The need for cryogenic storage, coupled with infrastructure requirements such as
production plants, dispensing stations and pipeline transport facilities, means LNG is
not a viable option in many developing nations.

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 Manufacturing Process of Producer Gas
Producer gas is a combustible gas manufactured by blowing a mixture of steam and air upwards through a
bed of hot coke, or coal, such that the fuel is completely gasified. The gas obtained from coke consists mainly
of a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with the nitrogen from the blast of air. When coal is used the
gas will contain, in addition, tar and the gases liberated during the carbonization of the coal in the fuel bed.
The process is carried out usually by charging the fuel by gravity from a hopper into a vertical, cylindrical,
steel chamber, which is either lined with fire bricks, or it has an annular water-jacket from which steam
required for gasification can be raised by heat transmitted from the fuel bed. The fuel bed is supported at the
bottom by a grate/distributor, through which is introduced the blast, made by adding steam to the air supply
such that it is saturated at a temperature of about 50°C.
Reference:

htps://www.thermopedia.com/content/1062/#:~:text=Producer%20gas%20is%20a%20combustible,from%20the%20blast%20of%20air.

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 Manufacture of Producer Gas

Producer Gas is formed in the cylindrical Vessel. The diameter of this cylindrical Vessel is around 3 m
and the height is around 4 m. The coal and coke are added from the upper zone known as the pre-
heated zone with the help of a cup and cone. The lowest zone of these Vessels is known as the ash
zone. The inlet is attached from this ash zone. This inlet carries the oxygen Gas and steam Gas to the
upper zone (oxidation zone) also known as the combustion zone. The coal is heated in the presence of
these oxygen Gas and steam Gas. In the oxidation zone, the carbon reacts with oxygen and forms the
carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide Gas as a product of combustion. The third zone is known as the
reduction zone. In this reduction zone, the steam reacts with the carbon and produces carbon
monoxide Gas and Hydrogen Gas as a product of combustion. In the pyrolysis zone, the produced
Gas passed through this zone and heated at even higher temperature and released out from the outlet.

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 Uses of Producer Gas
1. Producer Gas is used as a fuel in various industries like iron manufacturing
industries has been used for iron production.
2. Producer Gas is used to remove the carbon dioxide Gas from the fuel cells.
3. Producer Gas is used to manufacture the fuel Gas. On reacting the Producer Gas
with the carbon dioxide it produces fuel Gas.
4. Producer Gas is used to produce hot air in the industries.
Reference: https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/producer-gas

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 D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N L O W T E M P E R AT U R E &
H I G H T E M P E R AT U R E C A R B O N I Z AT I O N O F C O A L
Low Temperature Carbonization of High Temperature Carbonization of
Coal Coal

1. It is done at a temperature off about 1. Done at a temperature range of 900-

500-700 C. 1100 C.

2. It produces semi coke due to incomplete 2. It produces metallurgical coke. The

carbonization of coal. The coke oven gases
produced have a lower calorific value. The
tar produced is aliphatic in nature. The
coke produced is more reactive, weaker in
strength and large in size.
coke gases have a higher calorific value.
The tar produced contains more of the
aromatics and the coke obtained is denser
and less reactive .

Reference: https://www.answers.com/Q/
Difference_between_high_temperature_carbonization_and_low_temperature_carbonization?
msclkid=9bcacd2dceb511ecb237e318fcfc9d91
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 The Changes That Occur at Different
Te m p e r a t u r e s D u r i n g C a r b o n i z a t i o n o f C o a l
• Low temperature carbonization is normally carried out in the temperature range of 500 deg C to 700
deg C. In this type of carbonization, the yields of liquid products are higher and there is lower
gaseous product yield. The coke produced is having higher volatile matter (VM) and is free burning.
• Medium temperature carbonization is done at temperature range of around 800 deg C. This
carbonization produces smokeless soft coke. By-products produced are similar in characteristics to
high temperature carbonization. Medium temperature carbonization is rarely practiced these days.
• High temperature carbonization is carried out at a temperature which is above 900 deg C. This
carbonization gives higher yield of gaseous products and lower yield of liquid products. This
carbonization produces hard coke from coking coals.
Reference: https://www.ispatguru.com/coal-carbonization-for-coke-production/#:~:text=During%20the%20carbonization%20process%2C%20metallurgical,C%20to%20500%20deg%20C.

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 Coking & Non-coking Coals
Coking coal refers to coal with a quality that allows the production of a coke suitable to
support a blast furnace charge. Its gross calorific value is greater than 23 865kJ/kg (5 700
kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis.
The non-coking coals are those coals which may form a solid-residue but may not be
suitable for manufacture of coke. This coal may form a coke which will not meet the
physical & chemical properties as laid down by the steel industry, the primary coke
consumer.

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 Natural Gas Reserve in Bangladesh
Bangladesh holds 7.25 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven gas reserves
as of 2017, ranking 42nd in the world and accounting for about 0.105%
of the world's total natural gas reserves of 6,923 Tcf.

Bangladesh has proven reserves equivalent to 7.0 times its annual

consumption. This means it has about 7 years of gas left (at current
consumption levels and excluding unproven reserves).

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P U R I F I C AT I O N P R O C E S S O F A R O M AT I C
C O M P O U N D F R O M C O A L TA R

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 M A N U FA C T U R I N G P R O C E S S O F
WAT E R G A S
Water-Gas can be prepared by reacting the coke or hydrocarbon with the steam of Water. Carbon
monoxide and Hydrogen Gas are formed in this reaction. The mixture of this Gas is known as Water
Gas or synGas.

C + H2O → CO + H2

The calorific value of the Gas can be determined by the help of the Gas composition of the particular
Gas.
Reference: https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/producer-gas

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 Coke Oven Gas
Coke-oven gas is a fuel gas having a medium calorific value that is produced during
the manufacture of metallurgical coke by heating bituminous coal to temperatures of
900°C to 1000°C in a chamber from which air is excluded. The main constituents
are, by volume, about 50% hydrogen, 30% methane and 3% higher hydrocarbons,
7% carbon monoxide, 3% carbon dioxide and 7% nitrogen. The gas has a heating
value of about 20,000 kJ/m3.
Typically, coke-oven gas is obtained from a battery comprising a number of narrow,
vertical chambers, or ovens (0.5m wide, 5m high and 12m long) built of silica brick
that are separated by heating ducts, such that heat is transmitted to the coal through
both sides of the chamber walls. The ovens are slightly tapered so that one end is
wider than the other to facilitate the horizontal discharge of the coke.

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 Coke Oven Gas(Cont..)
Crushed coal is charged from overhead bunkers into the ovens, which are sealed at
each end by refractory-lined sheet doors and heated for about 24 hours. The hot coke
is then discharged. About 12%, by weight, of the coal is converted into gas. The hot
gases evolved from the coal pass through a gas space at the top of the oven and into a
collecting main prior to quenching and treatment to remove dust, tar and oil, and
gaseous impurities such as ammonia and hydrogen sulphide.
Reference: https://www.thermopedia.com/content/641/

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 Present situation of Natural Gas In
Bangladesh
Since first discovery in 1955 as of today 26 gas fields, 24 in the onshore and 2 in the offshore have been
discovered in the country. Of them 20 gas fields are in production, one offshore gas field have depilated after 14
years of production while other offshore field has not been viable for production due to small reserve. The
estimated proven plus probable recoverable reserve was 40.09 Tcf. As of June 2020, a total of 17.79 Tcf gas has
already been produced leaving only 12.26 TCF recoverable reserve in proven plus probable category.

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 Present situation of Natural Gas(Contd..)
Some key information about the natural gas sector is presented in the Table:

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 Future of Natural Gas in Bangladesh
"According to the opponents of gas export, the country's present gas reserve of 15 Tcf is modest and
will perhaps be enough to meet the need of the immediate future, but not enough to meet the long-
term future demand of the country. Bangladesh has been very much dependent on natural gas as its
primary commercial fuel. It has no significant oil reserve, no prospect for further hydroelectric
projects and the possibility of having nuclear power is as remote as ever. In the above context,
natural gas will remain the sole source of commercial energy for a long time to come. If Bangladesh
starts exporting natural gas now the present reserve may well be exhausted before an alternative
energy source is in sight. This will be catastrophic for the future energy scenario of the country. The
risk of depleting the gas reserve outweighs the short-term economic gain that may be achieved by
pipeline export.

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 Future of Natural Gas in Bangladesh
Regarding the future of gas as a fuel, international energy experts say
that oil and gas will remain the prime energy source till 2040, after
which natural gas will be the near universal fuel. The use of natural gas
will peak in 2050 following which its use will exceed that of oil and gas
together. The take-off point of solar energy or other alternative energy
will be delayed and will come before 2050. The opponents of gas export
have suggested that Bangladesh should wait for a substantially large
reserve to be discovered before considering gas export."

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 Future of Petroleum in Bangladesh
Government of Bangladesh has started different activities for building ports,
industrial areas and energy hubs at Moheshkhali-Matarbari region of Cox'sbazar
district and Payra port area of Patuakhali district. This development is continuous
activities of the present government and aligned with election manifesto.
Government of Bangladesh is encouraging to use of LP Gas for cooking purpose and
to use it as auto-gas for vehicles. Considering the growing demand of petroleum oil
in future, BPC is considering to set up petroleum refinery and large LPG terminal in
Maheshkhali-Matarbari and Payra port area.

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