Educational Psychology:

Theory and Practice

Chapter 4

Student Diversity
 Organizing Questions
 What Is the Impact of Culture on
Teaching and Learning?
 How Does Socioeconomic Status Affect
Student Achievement?
 Organizing Questions
 What Is Multicultural Education?
 How Do Gender and Gender Bias Affect
Students’ School Experiences?
 How Do Students differ in Intelligence and
Learning Styles?
 Impact of Culture on Teaching and
Learning
 What is Culture?
 Factors Influencing Cultural
Background
 Tendency to Reflect Mainstream
Middle-Class Values
 Disadvantages for Children from Other
Cultures
 Socioeconomic Status
 What is Socioeconomic Status?
 Levine and Levine’s (1996) Taxonomy
 Upper Class (3 percent)
 Upper Middle Class (22 percent)

 Lower Middle Class (34 percent)

 Upper Working Class (28 percent)

 Lower Working Class (13 percent)

 Role of Child-Rearing Practices

Differences between Middle-Class and


Working and Lower-Class Families
 Kinds of Parent-Child Activities
 Parental Expectations
 Role of Schools as Middle-Class
Institutions
Competitive versus Cooperative

Classroom Structure
 Individuality
 Future Time Orientation
 School and Community Factors

 Funding and Social

Class
 Differences between
Schools Serving Lower-
and Middle-Class
Students
 School and Community Factors

 Factors Influencing Motivation, Achievement,

and Mental Health in Very Impoverished
Neighborhoods
 Crime
 Lack of Positive Role Models
 Inadequate Social and Health Services
 Is the Low Achievement of Children
from Low-Income Groups Inevitable?
 Intensive Interventions
 Reductions in Class Size
 Implications for Teachers

 Recognize Varying Degrees of

Preparation.
 Avoid Stereotypes, Low Expectations,
and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies.
Teaching in Culturally Diverse Schools

 Emphasize Valuing Cultural Heritage

and Contributions to History and
Civilization.
 Use Multicultural Classroom
Decorations.
 Avoid Culturally Insensitive
Assignments.
Bilingual Education
 Immersion
 Transitional
 Paired
 Two-ways
 How do Gender and Gender Bias affect
Students’ School Experience?
 Gender-Role
 Biological
differences
 Biological Differences

 Human male brains are, on average,

approximately 10% larger
 Generally, the bigger the brain, the smarter the
animal
 It is not the size of the brain that counts, but
rather what is contained within the brain (Emily
Dickinson)


 Biological Differences
.
 Avoiding Gender Bias

 No single neuroanatomical structure

determines general intelligence
 Different types of brain designs are
capable of producing equivalent
intellectual performance
 Intelligence and Learning Styles

 Difficulty in Defining Intelligence

 Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
 “G” Factor
 Eight Multiple Intelligences
P 123
 Logical/Mathematical
 Linguistic
 Musical
 Naturalist
 Spatial
 Bodily/Kinesthetic
 Interpersonal
 Intrapersonal
End of Chapter 4