WRITING THE

RESEARCH
RATIONALE
THE RESEARCH
RATIONALE IS
YOUR AD FOR
YOUR RESEARCH
02/18/2024 SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 3
• A well-written background of the
study is like an effective
advertisement for a product or
service.
 Unified Coherent/Cohesive
Narrative adheres to the Ideas flows smoothly from
central theme of the study. general context to the main problem.

Characteristics of a Good Background of the

Study

Compelling
Concise Narrative engages readers to probe
Write-up conveys ideas clearly with deeper and highlights the importance of
fewest words possible. the study.
UNIFIED

• A narrative that possesses unity

means that each paragraph
conveys only one main idea.

02/18/2024 SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 6

Coherent and
Cohesive
• A coherent or cohesive
background of the study connects
ideas in a logical flow, which
ensures smooth transition from
the general situation or context to
your main problem.

02/18/2024 SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 7

There are many ways to ensure coherence. Some common
patterns that a writer may consider include:

 Chronological – presenting ideas in a procedural manner or in order of time

 Thematic - grouping of similar ideas (e.g., advantages/disadvantages; causes/effects;
main idea 1/main idea 2)
 Deductive - moving from general to specific ideas (e.g., theory to specific example;
global to local)
 Inductive - moving from specific to general ideas
 Argumentative - assertion, evidence, reasoning (e.g., a persuasive essay)
 Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion (e.g., lab reports)
• Cohesion on the other hand, means that the
ideas flow logically at a ‘micro’ or sentence
or word level.
• Cohesion can be achieved through
• Repetition
• transition and
• parallelism.
• Repetition aids in developing reader’s comprehension of
the text using a device called pointer. Pointers are words,
phrases, or ideas that appear in a sentence, and are
repeated in the next.
• Example 1:

• Many lamps now make use of light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs

instead of compact fluorescent lamps (CFL). In a CFL, electricity
passes inside a tube with argon gas and a small amount of
mercury vapor. The electrified gas emits ultraviolet light that
excites the fluorescent coating on the tube, which produces visible
light. However, the light emitted in this lamp accounts for only
30% of the energy used, while the rest is wasted as heat.
•
• A writer may also change the way repeated words
or phrases appear to prevent them from
becoming dull. It may include:
• Variations of the word (LED bulbs, LEDs)

• Pronouns (LEDs  these bulbs)

• Synonyms (also was used instead of second in

example 2)
• Transition makes use of words and phrases
that tell the reader in advance that there
will be a change of idea within a sentence,
between sentences or between paragraphs.
CATEGORY TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES
Additional Support additionally, again, also, and, as well, besides, equally important, further,
furthermore,
in addition, moreover, then
Cause and Effect for this reason, accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus
Comparison also, in the same way, likewise, similarly
Contrast/ although, but, however, despite, in spite of, on the one hand, nevertheless,
Exception nonetheless, notwithstanding, in contrast, on the contrary, still, yet
Detail especially, in particular, in regard to, specifically
Example for example, for instance, namely, to demonstrate, to illustrate
Emphasis above all, certainly, clearly, even, indeed, in fact, of course, truly
Location above, adjacent, below, beyond, here, in front,
in back, nearby, overlying (underlying)
Sequence/ first, second, third, … next, then, finally
Order
Time after, afterward, at last, at the same time, before, currently, during, earlier,
immediately, later, meanwhile, next, now, preceding this, recently,
simultaneously, subsequently, then
Conclusion/ finally, in a word, in brief, briefly, in conclusion, in the end, on the whole, thus,
Summary to conclude, to summarize, in sum, to sum up, in summary, overall, in a nutshell
• Parallel structure means using the same
grammatical structure for things that come in
sets.
 ❌ NOT PARALLEL
collecting, organize and
interpretation of data
students, those who do research
and people who do statistics
Using a LED bulb is beneficial
because of its higher energy
efficiency, they last longer and of
its safety for disposal compared to
CFLs.
✔ PARALLEL
collecting, organizing, and
interpreting data
students, researchers and
statisticians
Using a LED bulb is beneficial
because of its higher energy
efficiency, longer lifespan, and
safer disposal compared to CFLs.
 Conciseness Checkers:
 Is the specific phrase or sentence a crucial argument to
your main idea?

❓ strength of your whole narrative?

 Does removing this sentence negatively impact the

 Are there repeating sentences or ideas that can be

merged?
 Do you use active voice instead of passive voice?
 Were redundant or unnecessary words omitted?
Download the provided document 8

• Provide a critique of the sample rationale based on our

discussion and the given checklist

• Notebook: identify the good points and areas for improvement

• provide a rating
Guide Questions
1. Have the essential parts been covered in the background? ☐ Yes ☐ No
a. Problem and Its Roots ☐ Yes ☐ No
a. Context of the problem in relation to theory, research,
☐ Yes ☐ No
and/or practice and scope
a. Extent to which previous studies have successfully investigated the problem ☐ Yes ☐ No
a. Gaps that your study attempts to address ☐ Yes ☐ No
a. New idea, target, approach, solution or innovation to be used in the study ☐ Yes ☐ No
1. Does the background highlight the benefits and its contribution to the development of scientific knowledge? ☐ Yes ☐ No
1. Is there cohesion and continuity of ideas by grouping and arranging information in a chronological order and using
☐ Yes ☐ No
cohesive devices?
1. Is the narrative free from the following:
a. Redundant word pairs ☐ Yes ☐ No
a. Unnecessary qualifiers/modifiers ☐ Yes ☐ No
a. Excessive prepositional phrases ☐ Yes ☐ No
a. Unparallel structures ☐ Yes ☐ No
1. Are the ideas or pieces of information conveyed in a concise manner? ☐ Yes ☐ No
1. Were related studies briefly discussed to establish the gap? ☐ Yes ☐ No
1. Does the background engage the readers by building a story around the central theme of the research topic? ☐ Yes ☐ No
1. Is the background free from grammatical or conceptual errors? ☐ Yes ☐ No
☐ Approved
Overall Assessment of the Written Study Background
☐ Disapproved
INTVERTED TRIANGLE IN WRITING THE RATIONALE
GLOBAL ISSUES OR PROBLEM
LOCAL IMPACT OF THE PROBLEM
CURRENT SOLUTION THAT IS SIMILAR OR ALIGNED WITH
YOUR PROPOSED SOLUTION

THE ISSUES OR SHORTCOMING OR GAPS OF THOSE

CURRENT SOLUTIONS

THE PROPOSED SOLUTION

THE POTENTIAL OF THE PROPOSED

SOLUTION

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES/
STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM.
GLOBAL ISSUES OR PROBLEM

• News report

• Statistics from trusted organization

• SHOWS THE WORLDWIDE IMPACT OF THE

“PROBLEM OR ISSUE”
Psidium guajava Leaves’ extract sanitizer against corona
virus Disease-19

At the end of 2019, the world was shocked by the emergence of a new
virus that attacks the respiratory system. World Health Organization
has named this virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2) and named the disease Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-
19) Globally, as of 8 November 2023, there have been 771,820,937
confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 6,978,175 deaths, reported to
WHO. (WHO, 2020).
Local impact of the PROBLEM

• News report
• Statistics from trusted organization or governement
reports
• Local studies or research that shows the effect of the
problem on the locality of the researcher
Psidium guajava Leaves’ extract sanitizer against corona virus
Disease-19

In Philippines, from 3 January 2020 to November

2023, there have been 4,119,478 confirmed cases
of COVID-19 with 66,736 deaths, reported to
WHO. (DOH, 2023)
CURRENT SOLUTION THAT IS SIMILAR OR ALIGNED WITH YOUR
PROPOSED SOLUTION

• Present a list of currently available solutions to the problem

that is related to your “proposed solution”
• Include: studies or scholarly articles
Psidium guajava Leaves’ extract sanitizer against corona
virus Disease-19

Current available solutions encompass a spectrum of

interventions, ranging from the widespread use of hand
sanitizers and disinfectants to the development of
antiviral coatings for surfaces frequently touched. These
measures aim to disrupt the transmission cycle by
targeting the virus at points of contact, thereby reducing
the risk of infection. (Bregnocchi, A., et. Al, 2022)
THE ISSUES OR SHORTCOMING OR GAPS OF THOSE CURRENT
SOLUTIONS

• Discuss how the need for improvement on the currently

available solution.
• Present disadvantages and negative aspects of the solutions
using reports and studies
Psidium guajava Leaves’ extract sanitizer against corona
virus Disease-19

A notable gap in the current solutions for COVID-19 prevention

lies in the potential environmental and health concerns associated
with the widespread use of chemical disinfectants(Bhat, et. al.,
2022). Many commonly used disinfectants contain harsh
chemicals that, over time, may pose risks to both human health
and the environment. Additionally, there is a need for alternative,
sustainable, and locally-sourced solutions.
THE PROPOSED SOLUTION

Present your research objective or title

Psidium guajava Leaves’ extract sanitizer against corona
virus Disease-19

This gap prompts exploration into alternative

sources of disinfectants, with a focus on
natural extracts such as guava leaves.
THE POTENTIAL OF THE PROPOSED SOLUTION

Discuss why the proposed solution has a potential to solve the said
problem or contribute in solving the said problem

Use research and scholarly articles

List down the know and established characteristics of the said proposed
solution that may contribute in solving the problem
Psidium guajava Leaves’ extract sanitizer against corona
virus Disease-19

A standardized extract derived from Psidium guajava, which is known as a guava

leaf extract, contains chemical substances, such as saponin, oleanolic acid,
xylopyranoside, flavonoid, quercetin, arabinopyranoside dan guaijavarin (Khamath
et al., 2008, Naseer et al., 2018). Several studies show the benefits of guava leaf to
inhibit the viral activity. Ortega et al. found the benefits of flavonoid Psidium
guineense, guava leaf from Brazil, in inhibiting HIV-1 viral activity (Ortega et al.,
2017). There were antiviral effects of Psidium guajava based on limited in vitro
and literature studies, but whether it is effective against COVID-19 has not been
known.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES/
STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM.

• Write the statement of the problem and the specific

parameters the research plans to explore
 •With each passing day, countless numbers of fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms cause numerous diseases all around the world. One of

them is the fungi-causing disease called, Candidiasis. In the Philippines, Candidiasis constituted about 80.40% of the total reported serious fungal
infections back in the year 2016 (Batac & Denning, 2017) — that is equal to about 1,490,044 severe fungal infection cases. Unreported cases may be
higher. In the United States, it is the second most common cause of vaginal infection in women (CDC, 2022), 3 out of 4 get affected at some point in their
lifetime, and many experience at least two episodes of the fungal infection (Mayo Clinic, 2023). Cutaneous candidiasis is a type of yeast infection on the
skin mainly caused by the fungus Candida albicans (Medline Plus, 2020). According to an article by Nall (2019), candidiasis of the skin usually isn’t
contagious. However, people with weakened immune systems may develop the condition after touching the skin of an infected person. Those with
compromised immune systems are also more likely to develop a severe infection due to candidiasis. Cutaneous candidiasis causes a red, itchy rash to
form and bumps may appear around the edges (Nall, 2019), this usually appears in the folds of the skin where it is warm and moist (Aaron, 2021). This
type of fungus may not be fatal and can be cured easily unless the host/person has a weakened immune system but treatments are limited due to the
resistance of some species to several antifungals (Zida et. al., 2017). Certain medications are also expensive and they may not even be affordable for
other people; side effects are skin irritation, rashes, and itching on the site of application but this will not be included in the scope of the study. Now, this
problem along with the former prompted the researchers to make an alternative product intended to help people with Cutaneous Candidiasis fungal
infection by making a cure in the chosen form of an antifungal soap and to make low-cost alternative treatment against said fungus, Candida albicans.
•This study will mainly utilize the leaf part of the Karonda (Carissa carandas) plant as the main material. The plant grows in any type of soil and is

drought tolerant which makes it well suited for tropical and subtropical climates (Agrifarming, 2021) like the Philippines. The researchers chose this
specific part of the plant as it exhibited high antifungal activity based on the traditional medicine history of Karonda ( Carissa carandas) and even in recent
literary reviews such as the study conducted by Fartyal & Kumar (2016) and Singh et al. (2020). As this plant is underutilized even for its surprising
medical potential, there are no commercially available products on the market that introduce the plant in the field of medicine—and that is a knowledge
gap this study aims to fill, along with investigating its antifungal activity on said disease Cutaneous Candidiasis, caused by the common fungus Candida
albicans. The study will be using this kind of soap of Karonda (Carissa carandas) leaves as effective in its possible ability to inhibit the growth of
Candidiasis (Candida albicans) fungus that can benefit particularly the field of human health.