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Introduction To Nutrition
Introduction To Nutrition
Introduction To Nutrition
July 2023
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Outline
• Definition of terms
• Brief historical development of nutrition
• Classification of nutrients
• Testing for the presence of some nutrients
• Food/nutrient digestion and absorption
• Nutrition and health
• Nutrition and development
• Nutrition transition
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Definition of terms (terminology)
– Science of food, the nutrients and other substances therein, their action, interaction
and balance in relation to health and disease
– The process by which the organism ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, utilizes
and excretes food substances
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Food
Nutrients
Other compounds
1-Macronutrients -Fibers
2-Micronutrients -Phytochemicals
-Pigments
-Additives
Functions of nutrients -Alcohols
1-Provide energy -Others
2-Build tissues
3-Regulate metabolic processes
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Definition of terms…cont’d)
Human nutrition: scientific discipline concerned with access and utilization of food
and nutrients for life, health, growth, development and well-being
Public health nutrition: art and science of promoting population health status via
sustainable and equitable improvements in the food and nutrition system
What is the difference between public health nutrition and community nutrition?
What about dietetics versus clinical nutrition?
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Definition of terms…cont’d)
Diet: is the sequence of meals we consume in a specified period; e.g. per 24 hrs, week)
– It is a pattern of food consumption which is followed by a population or an
individual
Roughage: is the portion of plant food that our body cannot digest
– It enables the body to get rid of waste products
– What are the benefits of roughage/fiber?
Nutrient: is an active ingredient in the food that play specific structural or functional
role in the body’s lively activity.
More than 50 nutrients are currently identified
Are oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and alcohol nutrients?
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Definition of terms…cont’d)
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Definition of terms…cont’d)
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Historical development of nutrition
Hippocrates (460-359 BC) stated that “Persons who are naturally very fat are apt
to die earlier than those who are slender.”
Leonardo daVinci (1452-1519) stated that “If you do not supply nourishment
equal to the nourishment departed, life will fail in vigour; and if you take away
this nourishment, life is absolutely destroyed.”
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Historical development of nutrition…cont’d
1883/87: energy studies in small animals and farm animals were initiated
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Historical development of nutrition…cont’d
• The electron microscope (1933) made the study of nutrition at cellular level
possible
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Historical development of nutrition…cont’d
The end of the 20th century gave priority for the role of nutrition through the MDGs
and SDGs
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Classification of nutrients
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Test for the presence of some nutrients
• Test for starch: adding weak iodine solution in a test tube containing potato or wheat
flour turns to blue black colour
• Test for sugar: Adding benedict’s solution into a test tube containing crushed pieces of
bananas, grapes or apple, and heating it forms red precipitate
• Test of fats: wrap the food item in a piece of paper and crush it. After straightening the
paper, an oily patch appears
• Test of proteins: Add copper sulphate and caustic soda to test-tube containing food
sample. Appearance of a violet colour indicates presence of protein
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Food/nutrient digestion and absorption
• The body’s machinery to process food and turn it into nutrients takes place in the
digestive system in two stages; digestion and absorption
• Most of the digestion and absorption processes occur in the small intestine
• Digestion—is the breakdown of food into smaller units and finally into absorbable
nutrients that involves both physical and chemical processes
• Physical digestion includes chewing of food, churning/mixing food with gastric juice
to form chyme, segmentation, and transportation by peristalsis
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Food/nutrient digestion and absorption…cont’d
• Chemical digestion is the action of enzymes that break nutrients into absorbable
compounds
• Many of the nutrients (vitamins, minerals and water) do not need to be digested
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Food/nutrient digestion and absorption…cont’d
• Absorption—is the movement of nutrients from the gut into the bloodstream or
lymphatic system for circulation
• Salivary gland, liver, gallbladder and pancreas are assisting organs of the GIT for
digestion and absorption of foods/nutrients
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Nutrition and health
• Optimum breast and complementary feedings can prevent 13% and 6% of deaths
among children of under five, respectively
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Nutrition and health…cont’d
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Nutrition and development
How?
• The current global initiative of SDG gives special focus on the role of nutrition
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Nutrition transition
• Demographic transition
From high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates
• Epidemiological transition
• Nutritional transition
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Demographic transition Epidemiologic transition Nutrition transition
Diet-related non-communicable
Reduced fertility, aging Chronic diseases predominate diseases predominate
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Stages of the nutrition transition
Urbanization, economic growth, technological changes for work, leisure,
& food processing, mass media growth
Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 3 Pattern 4 Pattern 5
Paleolithic man/ Settlements begin/ Industrialization/ Non-communicable Behavioral Change
Hunter-gathers Monoculture period/ Receding Famine Disease
Famine emerges
Nutritional
Lean & robust, MCH deficiencies,
deficiencies Obesity emerges, Reduced body fatness,
high disease weaning disease,
emerge, stature bone density problems improved bone health
rate stunting
declines
Low fertility, High fertility, Slow mortality decline Accelerated life Extended health aging,
Low life expectancy high MCH mortality, expectancy, shift to reduced DR-NCD
low life expectancy increased DR-NCD,
increased disability
period
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Thank you!
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