T he S e t t i n g s, P ro c e s s e s,

Metho d s , a nd To o l s
in Counseling
Three School of Thought in Psychology
(Counseling Approaches)
 Psychoanalysis
 Behaviorism
 Humanistic Perspective
 Psychoanalysi
s
 represented by Sigmund Freud
 a theory of personality, an approach to psychotherapy,
and method of investigation founded by Sigmund
Freud
 the assumption is that there are inner battles that are
waged in a client that are directly responsible for the
appearance of symptoms and behavioral problems
 emphasizes the role of early childhood experiences
 early childhood experiences: dictate us of who we are
as an adult
 Behaviorism
 behavior and mental processes are determined by our environment
 all psychological disorders are a result of maladaptive learning that all
behavior is learnt from our environment and symptoms are acquired through
classical and operant conditioning
 Classical conditioning – involves learning by association; introduced by
Ivan Pavlov
 Operant conditioning – involves learning by reinforcement; introduced by
B.F. Skinner

The therapeutic techniques used in this type of treatment are action-based and
rooted in the theories of classical conditioning and operant conditioning and
utilize the same learning strategies that led to the formation of unwanted
behaviors. Behavioral therapy tends to be highly focused on teaching clients
 Humanistic
Perspective
 behavior and mental processes are determined by our need to fulfill our
potential

 attempted to understand the conscious mind, free will, human dignity, and
the capacity for self-reflection and growth
 the human potential for change requires only exercise of the distinctively
human capacities for choice, creativity, and drive toward self-actualization
 humanistic therapeutic models are rooted in insight and focus on self-
development, growth, and responsibilities
 they seek to gain self-empowerment by recognizing their strengths,
creativity and choice in the given circumstances
Counselors work in various settings-from government
to private sectors, to a civil society to a school setting.
Drawing on wide range of processes, methods, and
tools, counselors are trained to use what is appropriate
for the setting and relative to their specialty.
 Government
Setting
In government setting, counseling professionals work
with the various government agencies that have
counseling services such as social welfare, correctional
department, the court system, child and women affairs
services, schools, military, police, hospitals, mental and
foster homes, and rehabilitation centers.
 Private Sectors
Setting

In the private sector, counselors range from independent

providers of services or work for NGOs, or specialized
for centers and organizations that render a variety of
counseling services.
 Civil Society Setting

The context of civil society is generally charities or

non-profit and issue-based centers or organizations such
as for abused women, abandoned children and elderly,
veterans, teachers, professionals, or religious groups.
 School Setting

In the school setting, the role of school counselor is

more complex since the needs of students can vary
widely. This gives rise to the more dynamic and
complex role of school counselors; it depended on a
school’s local circumstances as well as by the
dynamism within the profession itself.
 Community Setting

The community has the greatest and widest application

of counseling services considering the diversity of
people who constitute the community. The community
setting creates a crossroad for individual and group
context. Therefore, the needs recognized and addressed
on other levels are equally present in the community
Words of co m fo rt , s ki l l fu l l y
administered , a re t h e o l d e s t
thera p y k n o w t o m a n

- Louis Nizer
Process of Counseling
Step 1: Building Rapport/Needs
Assessment
 It is building relationship and gaining the trust of
the counselee while establishing the client’s
condition at the same time.

 It is the heart of the counseling process that

serves as the foundation of success.
Process of Counseling
Step 2: Goal
Setting/Designing
 It is setting the direction of the counseling
process.

 It involves collection and classification of

information about the client’s life situation and
reasons for seeking counseling.

 It also involves setting an agreement between the

counselor and the counselee after formulating
goals and program plan.
Process of Counseling
Step 3: Implementation/Problem Solving
Program
 It comprises the actual process of the outlined
mapping of strategies for intervention that entails
client’s active participation in the process of
helping themselves.

 This is where goals play an important role in

giving direction.
Process of Counseling
Step 4: Counseling Processes/Monitoring and
Evaluation
 It is essential in tracking the record of the
helping process.

 It determines the success and failure of the

program. The result of the research provides a
scientific appreciation of the counseling
situation.
Process of Counseling
Step 5: Follow-up, Termination or
Referral
 It is important that the clients realize their own
needs. That is why preparation for termination
begins long before the actual termination period.

 Terminating the counseling process is also

considered when it seems counseling is not being
helpful.
Methods of Counseling
ADLERIAN
THERAPY
 It is an approach pioneered by Alfred Alder
(1870-1937) called as individual psychology.

 It focuses on creating a therapeutic relationship

that is co-operative, encouraging and practical.

 For Adler, humans are motivated primarily by

social urges including by power.
5 Tenets in Individual Psychology
1. People strive for superiority.

2. People’s subjective perception shape their

behavior and personality.

3. Personality is unified and self-consistent

4. The self-consistent personality develops into a

person’s STYLE OF LIFE that is molded by out
CREATIVE POWER.

5. The value of all human activity must be seen

Methods of Counseling
GESTALT
THERAPY
 Developed by Frederick S. Perls (1893-1970) the term is
derived from.

 Gestalt is commonly translated as “pattern” or “form”,

and psychology state that the whole is greater than the
sum of its parts.

 It focuses on the whole of the client’s experience,

including feelings, thoughts and actions.

 This approach often includes acting out scenarios and

Too l s fo r C ou ns e l i n g
Services
 Counseli n g se r v ic e s im p o se to
use sp e c if ic to o ls f o r c o ll e c ti n g
p r im a r y in f o r m a ti o n fr o m
students . T h e to o ls f o r c o ll e c ti o n
of informati o n f o r c o u n s e li n g a r e
divided into two broad
categories:
 TOOLS

 Non-Testing Tools

 Psychological Tests
 Non-Testing Tools
• Interview
• Observation
• Anecdote
• Cumulative record
• Sociometry
• Autobiography
 Ps y c ho lo gic a l Te sti n g
• Ability Test
 Achievement Test
 Aptitude Test
• Personality Test
 Thank you
for listening!
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