CH 04 Lecture

Research Methods, Design,
and Eleventh
Analysis
Edition
CHAPTER 4
Ethics
Research Methods, Design, and Analysis, Eleventh Edition Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Christensen • Johnson • Turner All rights reserved.
Research Ethics: What Are They
• Definition-A set of guidelines to assist the
researcher in conducting ethical research
• Relationship Between Science and
Society
– government funding of scientific research
– congressional influence on which studies are
funded
– corporate funding of scientific research
Research Ethics: What Are They
(cont'd)
• Professional Issues
– scientific Misconduct
 faking data
 other less serious issues as failing to present data
or changing the design to meet pressure from a
funding source
 developing an institutional culture of ethical
behavior best way of combating this.
• Treatment of Research Participants
Ethical Dilemmas
• Definition—deciding if the benefit of the
research is greater than the cost to the
participants
– primary consideration—welfare of the
participant
Ethical Dilemmas (cont'd)
• Role of the IRB
– review research protocols to assess ethical
acceptability of a study
– use of the decision-plane model for making
decisions
Figure 4.1 A decision-plane model representing the costs and benefits of research studies. (From “Hedgehogs, foxes and the
evolving social contract in science: Ethical challenges and methodological opportunities” by R.L.Rosnow, 1997, Psychological
Methods, 2, pp. 345–356. Copyright by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of the author.)
Ethical Guidelines
• Respect for persons and their autonomy
– adhered to by obtaining a person’s informed
consent
Ethical Guidelines (cont'd)
• Beneficence and nonmaleficence
– goal of research studies-minimum harm and
maximum benefit
– IRB Proposal review categories in making this
decision
 Exempt studies
 Expedited review
 Full board review
• Justice
– asks the question – “who should receive the
benefits of the research and who should bear
its burdens?
• Trust
– involves maintaining trust between researcher
and participant
– use of deception or failing to maintain
confidentiality may violate trust
• Fidelity and Scientific Integrity
APA Ethical Standards for
Research
• APA code of ethics—10 guiding principles
to direct behavior of researchers
Research (cont'd)
• Issues to consider when conducting
research
– institutional approval must be obtained
– informed consent
 dispensing with it informed consent
 minors—need to obtain their assent
 passive versus active consent
Research (cont'd)
research
– deception—refers to deceit
 active—deception by commission
 passive—deception by omission
 may cause participants to distrust psychologists
 alternatives such as role playing are inadequate
 studies that involve invasion of privacy and/or may
harm the participants
Research (cont'd)
research
– Debriefing—postexperimental interview
 dehoaxing – debriefing the participants about any
deception that was used
 desensitizing – eliminating any undesirable
influence that the experiment might have had on
the participant
Research (cont'd)
research
– Coercion and freedom to decline participation
– Confidentiality, anonymity and the concept of
privacy
 privacy--controlling others access to information
about yourself
 when and under what circumstances others get
your information
Research (cont'd)
research
– Confidentiality, anonymity and the concept of
privacy
 you must be able to decline giving their information
to others
 anonymity—keeping participants identify unknown
 confidentiality—not revealing or connecting the
participant to the information obtained
Ethical Issues in Electronic
Research
• Informed consent
– no clear distinction between what is public
and what is private over the internet
– how to obtain informed consent
• Privacy
– hackers can obtain the data
– but data can be encrypted
Ethical Issues in Electronic
Research (cont'd)
• Debriefing
– extra attention must be given due to
possibility of participants not completing study
– ways to maximize probability of debriefing
 have participant provide an email address
 provide a ‘leave the study’ radio button
 incorporate a debriefing page into the program so it
is delivered directly to the participant
Ethical Issues in Preparing the
Research Report
• Principles to follow
– justice—who will be the author(s)
– scientific integrity—accurate and honest
reporting
• Writing the research report
– presentation should be honest an written with
integrity
– avoid plagiarism—not giving another person
credit for their work
Ethics of Animal Research
• Distinction between animal welfare and
animal rights
– animal welfare involve improving lab
conditions and reducing the number of
animals used
– animal rights is the belief that nonhuman
animals have similar rights to humans
– APA guidelines deal with animal welfare
Ethics of Animal Research
(cont'd)
• APA guidelines for the care and use of
animals in research

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