One-Sided Limits, Two-Sided Limits,

Infinite Limits and Limits at Infinity

Limits of Exponential, Logarithmic, and

Trigonometric Functions
 OBJECTIVES:
Students are expected to:
1. Illustrate one-sided limit, two-sided limits, infinite
limits and limits at infinity

2. compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and

trigonometric functions using table of values and
graphs

3. illustrate limits involving the expressions

using table of values.

 One -sided Limits
Limits taken from left or right are called
one-side limits
If both one –sided limits are equal to L, then
the two-sided limits must also be equal to L

x approaches c from the left

x approaches c from the right
left-hand limit
right-hand limit
If two –sided limit is equal to L, then
both one-sided limits must also be equal to L

two-sided limit
 Example

Find the ff.

 Step 1: Find the left –hand limit .Use the first piece

=2
Step 2: Find the right –hand limit .Use the second piece

=2
Step 3: Find the two-sided limit.

Since

Therefore,
 Step 1: Find the left –hand limit .Use the second piece

Step 2: Find the right –hand limit .Use the third piece
Step 3: Find the two-sided limit.

Since

Therefore,
 Infinite Limits
If f(x) becomes infinitely large in magnitude
(positive or negative) as x approaches
the number c from either side , then we
write
 Limit Theorem
If r is any positive integer , then

Examples:
Limit Theorem

Examples:
 Exercises
1. Evaluate
Step 1: Factor the denominator and simplify
Step 2: Apply the limit theorem
Step 3: Evaluate the limit

The limit of the numerator is 1. The limit

of the denominator is zero, and the
denominator is approaching zero through
positive values .Thus
 Exercises

2. Evaluate
Step 1: Find the right –hand limit
Step 2: Evaluate the limits

The limit of the numerator is 1. The limit

of the denominator is zero, and the
denominator is approaching zero through
positive values .Thus
Step 3: Find the left-hand limit
Step 4: Evaluate the limits

The limit of the numerator is 1. The limit

of the denominator is zero, and the
denominator is approaching zero through
negative values .Thus
Step 5: Evaluate the two-sided limit

Thus,
 Limits at Infinity
For any positive real number n,
Exercises
Step 1: Divide both numerator and denominator by x
Step 2: Apply the limit theorems
Step 3: Evaluate the limits and simplify the results
What are examples
of transcendental
functions?
(a) If b > 0,b  1, the exponential
function with base b is defined
by

(b) Let b > 0, b  1. If by = x then y is

called the logarithm of x to the base b,
denoted
 EVALUATING LIMITS OF
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Natural exponential function:

f(x) = ex
Euler’s number = 2.718281....
Evaluating Limits of Exponential Functions
Limit Theorems

Example
Evaluating Limits of Exponential Functions
Limit Theorems

Example
Evaluating Limits of Exponential Functions
Limit Theorems

Example
Evaluating Limits of Exponential Functions
Limit Theorems

Example
Evaluating Limits of Exponential Functions
Limit Theorems

Example
Evaluating Limits of Exponential Functions
Limit Theorems

Example
Evaluating Limits of Exponential Functions
Limit Theorems

Example
Evaluating Limits of Exponential Functions
Limit Theorems

Example
Evaluating Limits of Exponential Functions
Limit Theorems
Evaluating Limits of Exponential Functions
Limit Theorems
Evaluating Limits of Logarithmic Functions

If x is any real number,

EXAMPLE 1
Construct the table of values for f(x) = ex.
 Graph

e= 2.718…

e2 = 7.389…

e-1 = 0.367…
Natural logarithmic function
f(x) = ln x

The inverse of the natural

exponential function y = ex
EXAMPLE 2
Common logarithmic function:
f(x) = log10 x
EXAMPLE 3
 Consider the graphs of both the natural and
common logarithmic functions. Use the
following graphs to determine their limits as x
approaches 1.
Verify our observations that
and

1 log 3= 0.47…
1 -
In3=1.09… -