2:

SET
THEOR
Y
It studies sets or the mathematical science of the infinite.

Brianne C. Jimenez, LPT, MAEd

 CONCEPTS ON SETS
A SET is a well-defined collection of objects.
Ex: The objects are called Element/Member of the set.
∈ is the symbol for an element of a set
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
∉ is the symbol for not an element of a set.
B = {x|x is a set of vowel letters}
6∈A 7∉A
C = {x|x is a positive integer less than 10} i∈B b∉B
8∈C -2 ∉ C
D = The provinces of the Philippines.
Abra ∈ D
Paris ∉ D
 PRACTICE!
Indicate whether the ff. defined a Set.

A = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25} SET

C = {x|x is a letter in the word MATH} SE

T
The group of all good-looking students in OLFU-QC. NOT SET

The list of honest senators in the Philippine Senate. NOT SET

The collection songs in Born Pink Album. SET

 CONCEPTS ON SETS
METHODS OF WRITING
SETS
Roster Method. The elements of the set are
enumerated and separated by a comma,
it is also called tabulation method.
A = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25} B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Rule Method. A descriptive phrase is used to
describe the elements or members of the set, it is also
called set builder notation.
E = {x|x is a collection of vowel letters}
C = {x|x is a letter in word LOVE}
Write the ff in Roster Method.
A = {x|x is a letter in the word college}
A = {c, o, l, e, g}
B = {x|x is a month in a year.}
B = {January, February, March, April, May, June,
July, August, September, October, November,
December}
Write the ff in Rule Method.
C = {red, blue, yellow}
C = {x|x is the list of primary colors}
D = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, …}
D = {x|x is the list multiples of 10}
 CONCEPTS ON SETS (some terms on sets)
FINITE SET INFINITE SET
Elements are limited or countable, and the Elements are unlimited or uncountable,
last element can be identified. and the last element cannot be specified.

Ex: Ex:

A = {x|x is a positive integer less than 10} F = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2,…}

E = {x|x is a collection of vowel letters} G = {x|x is a set of whole numbers}

D = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25} H = {x|x is a set of molecules on earth}

J = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, …}

 CONCEPTS ON SETS (some terms on sets)
UNIT SET EMPTY SET or NULL SET
Set with only one element, it is also A set with no elements,
called singleton. it is denoted by the symbol
Ø or { }.
Ex:
Ex:
J = {w}
L = {x|x is an integer less than 2 but greater than
K = {dog} 1}

I = {x|x is a whole number greater than 1 but less M = {x|x is an integer with decimal}
than 3}

J={ }
 CONCEPTS ON SETS (some terms on sets)
UNIVERSAL SET CARDINALITY
A set containing all elements found Cardinality refers to the number of
in the other given sets. elements in the set,
the cardinality of set A is denoted by
Ex: n(A).

If A= {1, 2, 3} and B= {3, 4, 5}, then Ex:

U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, . . .}
can be their universal set. E = {a, e, i, o, u} n(E)=5

A = {x|x is a positive integer less

than 10} n(A) = 9
 CONCEPTS ON SETS (kinds of sets)
SUBSET PROPER SUBSET
If A and B are sets, A is called subset of B, if and If A and B are sets, A is a proper subset of B, if and
only if, every element of A is also an element of only if, every element of A is in B but there should be
B, denoted by ⊆ . at least one element of B that is not in A, denoted by
⊂.
Ex:
A = { 4, 5, 6 } Ex:
B = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 } A = { 4, 5, 6 }
B = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }
C = { 6, 4, 5 }

A⊆B since all elements of A is in B. A⊂B since there is at least one

element of B that is not in A.
since not all elements of B is in A. A ⊄ C since all elements of C is in A.
B ⊆A
 CONCEPTS ON SETS (kinds of sets)
EQUAL SET POWER SETS
Two sets are equal if they have the Power Set is the set consisting all
exact same elements. subsets of a given set.

Ex: Determine the power set of the ff;

U = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 }
A = { 4, 5, 6 } A = { p, w }
B = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }
C = { 6, 4, 5 } P(A)={ {p}, {w}, {p,w}, {Ø} }
B = { 1, 2, 3 }
since every element of A is in C.
A=C P(B)= { {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3},
{2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}, {Ø} }.
 CONCEPTS ON SETS (operation on sets)
UNION INTERSECTION
The UNION of two sets is a set containing all The INTERSECTION of two given sets is the set
elements that are in both sets. that contains all the elements that are common to
both sets.
Ex: U = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 }
Ex: U = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 }
A = { 4, 5, 6 }
B = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 } A = { 4, 5, 6 }
C = { 8, 10, 11 } B = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }
C = { 8, 10, 11 }
A ∪ C = { 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11 }
A ∩ B = {4, 5, 6 }
C ∪ B = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 }
A∩C ={}
Note that every A C is equal to C A. Like union of sets, every AB is equal to BA.
 CONCEPTS ON SETS (operation on sets)
COMPLEMENT
The complement of A (or absolute complement of
A), denoted A’, is the set of all elements in U that is
not in A.
DIFFERENCE
The difference of A and B, denoted A ~ B, is the
set of all elements in A that is not in B.

Ex: Ex: U = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 }

U = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 }
A = { 4, 5, 6 } A = { 4, 5, 6, 11 }
B = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 } B = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }
C = { 8, 10, 11 } C = { 8, 10 }

A’ = { 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 } A ~ B = { 11 }

B’ = { 2, 9, 10, 11 } B ~ A = {3, 7, 8 }
 PRACTICE!
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 8}
B = {3, 5, 6}
C = {1, 4, 5, 8}

𝟏. 𝑨∩ 𝑩=¿{3} 𝟒.( 𝑨∪ 𝑪 ′)=¿{1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8}

𝟐. 𝑨∪ 𝑩=¿ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8} 𝟓. 𝑩∩ 𝑨′=¿{5, 6}
𝟑.𝑪 ′=¿{2, 3, 6, 7} 𝟔. 𝑩′ 𝑪 ′=¿{1, 4, 8}