ADC Unit - 1 R20-1

ANALOG AND DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Name : Dr. E,VIJAYA LAKSHMI

Designation: Professor
Department: ECE
College: NECN
1
SYLLABUS
1. ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
MODULE-1 CONTINUOUS WAVE MODULATION

10h
Introduction to communication systems, Need for modulation, Amplitude Modulation
(AM): AM and its modifications – DSB, SSB, VSB, Frequency translation, Frequency
Division Multiplexing (FDM).
Angle Modulation: Frequency Modulation (FM), Phase modulation, Nonlinear Effects in
FM, Super heterodyne receiver.
MODULE-2 NOISE AND PULSE MODULATION

8h
Introduction to noise: Types of noise, Receiver model, Noise in AM, DSB, SSB, and FM
Receivers, Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM.
Introduction to pulse modulation: Sampling process, PAM, PWM and PPM-generation
and detection.
MODULE-3 SOURCE CODING SYSTEMS 10h

Comparison of analog and digital communication systems, Elements of digital
communication system, Sampler, Quantization-types and Encoder, PCM, Differential
MODULE-4
BAND-PASS DATA TRANSMISSION 10h
Introduction, Need for carrier modulation techniques, Binary shift keying: ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK
generation, Coherent and non coherent detection, Band width, Signal space diagram, Probability error
calculation, M-ary shift keying: ASK, FSK, PSK, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Minimum
Shift Keying (MSK).
MODULE-5 INFORMATION THEORY & CHANNEL CODING 10h

Information theory: Message, Information, Entropy, Mutual information & its properties, Channel capacity,
Shannon Hartley Theorem, Shannon Fano & Huff man coding and Illustrative problems.
Channel Coding: Error detection & correction - Repetition & Parity check codes, Interleaving, Code vectors
and Hamming distance, FEC and ARQ systems, Linear block codes – Matrix representation of block Codes,
Convolutional codes, Viterbi decoding.
Text Book(s):
1. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, 4th Edition, 2004.
2. B. P. Lathi, Zhi Ding “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, Oxford press, 2011
Reference Book(s):
1. Sam Shanmugam, “Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
2. Bernard Sklar, F. J. harris “Digial Communications: Fundamentals and Applications”, Pearson
Publications, 2020.
3.Taub and Schilling, “Principles of Communication Systems”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2007
After completion of course the students should able to
understand:
CO_1: Acquire knowledge on the basic concepts of

Analog Communication Systems and modulation systems.
CO_2: Verify the effect of noise on the performance of

communication.
CO_3: Analyze the various shift keying techniques.
CO_4: Analyze the various shift keying techniques.
CO_5:Explain the fundamental concepts of information

theory and channel coding techniques.
History of communications
•100000-SPEECH
•30000-SYMBOLS
•5000-WRITING
•PREHISTORIC-SMOKE SIGNNALS
•6TH CENTURY-MAIL
•5TH CENTURY BCE-PIEGONS
•1838-ELECTRICAL TELEGRAPH
•1855-CABLE
•1878-telephone
•1896-RADIO
•1927-TV
•1969-COMMPUTER NETWORKING
ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 6 Sunday, February 18, 2024
History of communications
•1971-E-MAIL
•1973-CELLULAR
•1982-SMTP EMAIL
•1982-INTERNET
•1990-INSTANT MESSAGING
•1995-IRC/NIRC
•1998-MOBILE SATELLITE
•2002-FRIENDSTER OPENS
•2003-SKYPE
•2004-FACEBOOK……

* VERY LOW FREQUENCY * 10KHZ-30KHZ
* LOW FREQUENCY * 30KHZ-300KHZ
* MEDIUM FREQUENCY * 300KHZ-3MHZ
* HIGH FREQUENCY * 3MHZ-30MHZ
* VERY HIGH FREQUECY * 30MHZ-300MHZ
* ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY * ABOVE 300MHZ

Digital
Analog
 The block diagram on the top shows the blocks common to all
communication systems
Baseband signal
EM waves (modulated
(electrical signal) Transmitter signal)
Input Transmission
transducer Modulator
Channel
EM waves (modulated
Carrier signal)
Baseband signal
(electrical signal) Receiver
Output
Demodulator
transducer

* A typical communication system can be modeled as
Input Input Transmitted Received Output

messa signal Output
signal signal signal messa
ge
ge
Destination
Source
Input Output
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Transducer Transducer
Sender/ Distortion Receiver

Transmitter And
Noise
nalhareqi-2016 16
Remember the components of a communications system:
 Input transducer: The device that converts a physical signal

from source to an electrical, mechanical or electromagnetic
signal more suitable for communicating
 Transmitter: The device that sends the transduced signal
 Transmission channel: The physical medium on which the
signal is carried.
 Receiver: The device that recovers the transmitted signal from
the channel
 Output transducer: The device that converts the received signal
back into a useful quantity
Review
• What is a communication system?

• Explain the functions of the three main
parts of an electronic communication
system.
• Draw the communication system model
• What is the purposes of modulation?
nalhareqi-2016 19
To understand the meaning of
Modulation
To know the importance of
modulation
To learn the need for modulation
To introduce various kinds of
modulation techniques

What Is Modulation
Modulate= Regulate
The process of regulating is modulation
One physical quantity is changing in accordance with another physical quantity
Carrier signal is changing with message signal in electrical communication.
In the modulation process, two signals are used namely the modulating signal and
the carrier .
The modulating signal is nothing but the baseband signal or information signal while
the carrier is a high frequency sinusoidal signal .
In the modulation process, some parameter of the carrier
wave (such as amplitude, frequency or phase ) is varied in
accordance with the modulating signal . This modulated
signal is then transmitted by the transmitter .

The role of modulation
How can we communicate with people from distant

places?
We need something which will carry our message to
desire place(Carrier signal)
Modulation can only do the process to take carrier signal
with our message signal.
With out modulation , our message signal will not be
received by destination.

Baseband signal is normally referred to
as the original message signal which is
intended to be transmitted.
Bandpass signal refers to modulated or
filtered signal which ultimately gets
converted back to baseband signal.

Base band transmission Band pass transmission
The baseband transmission does not use This transmission uses modulator and
modulator and demodulator. demodulator.
Baseband transmission is transmission of the

Passband transmission is the transmission after
encoded signal using its own baseband
shifting the baseband frequencies to some
frequencies i.e. without any shift to higher
higher frequency range using modulation.
frequency ranges.
If the baseband signal is transmitted directly If modulated signal is transmitted over the
then it is known as baseband transmission. channel, it is known as bandpass transmission.
It has fixed band of frequencies around carrier

It is prefer at low frequencies.
frequency.
It is used for short distances. It is used for long distances.
More noise as signal is original. Less noise as signals is modulated.

E.g. general telephony. E.g. AM & FM.

Need for Modulation
1. Reduction in the height of antenna
2. Avoids mixing of signals
3. Increases the range of communication
4. Multiplexing is possible
5. Improves quality of reception

* The frequency of baseband signal is low, and the low
frequency signals can not travel long distance when
they are transmitted . They get heavily attenuated .
* The attenuation reduces with increase in frequency of
the transmitted signal, and they travel longer distance.
* The modulation process increases the frequency of the
signal to be transmitted . Therefore, it increases the
range of communication.

* Multiplexing is a process in which two or more
signals can be transmitted over the same
communication channel simultaneously .
* This is possible only with modulation.
* The multiplexing allows the same channel to be
used by many signals . Hence, many TV channels
can use the same frequency range, without
getting mixed with each other or different
frequency signals can be transmitted at the
same time .

*With frequency modulation (FM)
and the digital communication
techniques such as PCM, the
effect of noise is reduced to a
great extent . This improves
quality of reception .

Types of Analog Modulation
 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 Amplitude modulation is the process of varying the amplitude
of a carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a

baseband signal. The frequency of the carrier remains constant
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Frequency modulation is the process of varying the frequency
of a carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a

baseband signal. The amplitude of the carrier remains constant
 Phase Modulation (PM)
 Another form of analog modulation technique which we will not
discuss

Amplitude Modulation
Carrier wave
Baseband signal
Modulated wave
ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 32 Amplitude varying-

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frequency constant
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
 Several different ways of amplitude
modulating the carrier signal by m(t) :
 (a) conventional double-sideband AM,
 (b) double sideband suppressed-carrier AM,
 (c) single-sideband AM,
 (d) vestigial-sideband AM.
each way results in different spectral characteristics
for
the transmitted signal.
Amplitude Modulation
•AMPLITUDE MODULATION is formally defined as a process in which the amplitude
of the carrier wave c(t) is varied about a mean value linearly with a message signal
m(t) keeping frequency and phase constant .
• The AM signal 5
st   Ac 1 k  mt 0
cost c
-5
0 0.01
0.03
0.02
0.04
• The Modulating signal 1 0.05
0.07
0.06
0.08
mt
0.09 0.1
0
-1
0 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.04
0.05 0.06
• The Carrier signal

0.07 0.08
0.09 0.1
ct Ac cosct
0
1
-1
0 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.04
0.05 0.06
0.07 0.08
0.09 0.1
• The Envelope
st   A 1 k  mt 
• The AM signal
st   Ac 1 k  mt
cos c t

Source Sink
Channel
Modulator Demodulator
Baseband Signal Bandpass Signal Original Signal

with frequency with frequency with
fm fc frequency fm
(Modulating (Modulated
Signal) Signal)
fc >> Cell
Voice: 300-3400Hz GSM fm phone:
900/1800MHz 4
4
•The amplitude of high-carrier signal is varied according
to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating
message signal m(t).
Carrier Signal: cos(2 fct) or cos(ct)

Modulating Message Signal: m(t) : cos(2 fmt) or cos(mt)
The AM Signal: sAM (t)  [ Ac  m(t)]cos(2 fct)
4
5
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CSULB May 22, 2006 13
14
Under modulated (<100%) 100% modulated Over Modulated(>100%)
Envelope Detector Can be Envelope Detector Can Envelope Detector

used be used Gives
Distorted Signal
Evaluation of Modulation index
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Power content in AM wave and Single –Tone AM
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TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY:η
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ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
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1) Diagonal clipping
2) Negative clipping

Better quality of demodulation
- less effect of noise
Drawbacks:
1.Synchronization between transmiiter and
receiver is necessary.
2.More complexity.

Conventional AM is DSBFC
Disadvantages of AM
1.Power wastage takes place in DSB-FC transmission
2.AM wave gets affected to noise.

Output of modulator 1 is, S1(t) = Ac[1+ mx(t)]
cos 2πfct ---(1)
Output of modulator 2 is, S2(t) = Ac[1- mx(t)]
cos 2πfct ---(2)
These two outputs are applied to subtractor,
whose output is,
2mAcx(t) cos 2πfct---(3)

• DSB-SC is useful to ensure the discrete carrier signal is
suppressed:
• The voltage or current spectrum of DSB-SC will be
• Therefore no waste of power for discrete carrier component !

• What is the modulation efficiency? 100 Percent!
– Efficiency = <m(t) 2>/<m(t) 2>
• Generating DSB-SC
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* Message signal is given by, x(t) =Am cos(2πfmt)
---(1)
* Carrier signal is given by, C(t) = Ac cos(2πfct) ---
(2)
* DSB-SC modulated signal is given by, S(t) = x(t)
c(t) ---(3)
* S(t) = 1/2AmAc[cos2π(fc+fm)t + cos2π(fc-
fm)t]--(4)
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2wc 2wc
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*Advantages of Phase shift method:
1.It does not require a frequency up-conversion
stage.
2.The modulating signal can be a low-frequency
audio signal.
3.Switching between the sidebands is easier.
*Disadvantages of Phase shift method:
1.The designing of phase shifting circuitry is
complex.
2.It requires phase shifting to be accurate, which
is a difficult task 103 02/18/24
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•Bandwidth or spectrum space
occupied is lesser than AM and
DSBSC waves.
•Transmission of more number of
signals is allowed.
•Power is saved.
•High power signal can be transmitted.
•Less amount of noise is present.
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• The generation and detection of SSBSC wave is a complex
process.
• The quality of the signal gets affected unless the SSB
transmitter and receiver have an excellent frequency stability.
•For power saving requirements and low bandwidth requirements.

•In land, air, and maritime mobile communications.
•In point-to-point communications.
•In radio communications.
•In television, telemetry, and radar communications.
•In military communications, such as amateur radio, etc.
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Definition: Vestigial Sideband (VSB)
modulation is a modulation technique which
allows transmission of one sideband in
addition with a part or vestige of the other.
It is basically a compromise between DSB-SC

and SSB modulation.
VSB technique was introduced to overcome the
drawbacks of SSB modulation.
As SSB modulation requires accurate

frequency response of the filter to transmit only
one sideband completely.
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* Bandwidth is more when compared to SSBSC wave.
* Demodulation is complex.
* Transmission of television signals.

* when bandwidth usage is considered.
ACS 108 02/18/24

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* Demodulated signal 1 is ½ Ac m1(t)
* Signal 2 is 1/2Ac m2(t)
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ACS 124 02/18/24
*Upconversion: the translated carrier frequency
*f2 is greater than the carrier frequency f1, and
the required local oscillator frequency is
defined by
*f2=fLO +f1
* fLO=f2-f1.
*Down conversion:
*The translated carrier frequencyf2 is smaller
than the incoming carrier frequency f1, and
the required oscillator frequency fLO is
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FDM
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ADVANTAGES
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DISADVANTAGES
ACS 131 02/18/24

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•Two frequency bands: Medium
wave (MW) band and short
wave (SW) band
•RF carrier range (MW) range:
535 kHz to 1650 kHz (SW band)
: 5 to 15MHz
•Intermediate frequency IF:
455kHz
•IF bandwidth B: 10 kHz
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* Sensitivity:
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*The image rejection ratio, or image
frequency rejection ratio, is the ratio
of the intermediate-frequency (IF)
signal level produced by the desired
input frequency to that produced by
the image frequency. The image
rejection ratio is usually expressed in
dB.
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When a receiver picks up the same short wave
station
at two nearby points on the receiver dial,
the double spotting phenomenon takes place.
This is due to poor image frequency rejection
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• The noise has a greater effect on the higher modulating
frequencies than on the lower ones. Thus, if the higher
frequencies were artificially boosted at the transmitter and
correspondingly cut at the receiver , an improvement in noise
immunity could be expected, thereby increasing the signal to
noise ratio (SNR).
• The boosting of higher modulating frequencies, in accordance
with a pre-arranges curve, is called Pre-emphasis, and the
compensation at the receiver is called De-emphasis.
• The usage of microseconds for defining emphasis is standard.
• The amount of pre-emphasis in U.S FM broadcasing has been
standardized as 75 microseconds whereas in European and
Australian broadcasing , it is 50 microseconds.
Figure: Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis curves for a 75 microseconds
emphasis used in U.S

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ANALOG AND DIGITAL

Name : Dr. E,VIJAYA LAKSHMI

MODULE-1 CONTINUOUS WAVE MODULATION

MODULE-2 NOISE AND PULSE MODULATION

MODULE-3 SOURCE CODING SYSTEMS 10h

MODULE-5 INFORMATION THEORY & CHANNEL CODING 10h

CO_1: Acquire knowledge on the basic concepts of

CO_2: Verify the effect of noise on the performance of

CO_5:Explain the fundamental concepts of information

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 7 Sunday, February 18, 2024

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 12 Sunday, February 18, 2024

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 14 Sunday, February 18, 2024

Input Input Transmitted Received Output

Sender/ Distortion Receiver

 Input transducer: The device that converts a physical signal

• What is a communication system?

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 20 Sunday, February 18, 2024

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 21 Sunday, February 18, 2024

How can we communicate with people from distant

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 22 Sunday, February 18, 2024

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 23 Sunday, February 18, 2024

Baseband transmission is transmission of the

It has fixed band of frequencies around carrier

It is used for short distances. It is used for long distances.

More noise as signal is original. Less noise as signals is modulated.

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 24 Sunday, February 18, 2024

2. Avoids mixing of signals

3. Increases the range of communication

5. Improves quality of reception

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 25 Sunday, February 18, 2024

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 27 Sunday, February 18, 2024

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 28 Sunday, February 18, 2024

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 29 Sunday, February 18, 2024

of a carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a

of a carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 31 Sunday, February 18, 2024

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 32 Amplitude varying-

st   Ac 1 k  mt 0

• The Carrier signal

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 43 Sunday, February 18, 2024

Baseband Signal Bandpass Signal Original Signal

Carrier Signal: cos(2 fct) or cos(ct)

Envelope Detector Can be Envelope Detector Can Envelope Detector

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 69 Sunday, February 18, 2024

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 73 Sunday, February 18, 2024

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 78 Sunday, February 18, 2024

ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 81 Sunday, February 18, 2024

• The voltage or current spectrum of DSB-SC will be

• Therefore no waste of power for discrete carrier component !

•For power saving requirements and low bandwidth requirements.

It is basically a compromise between DSB-SC

As SSB modulation requires accurate

* Transmission of television signals.

ACS 108 02/18/24

ACS 131 02/18/24

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