PACIFIC RING OF FIRE

EARTHQUAKE
- are the result of the sudden movement along faults
within the earth’s crust.

- The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden

release of energy.

-It occur when rocks along a fault

suddenly move.
EPICENTER
- the location on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus.

FOCUS (HYPOCENTER)
- the location in the Earth where earthquake starts. It where the
energy is being released to produce a seismic waves.

Seismic wave
- are the vibrations generated or produced by the sudden movement
of the rock on Earth’s crust.
 TWO TYPES
OF
EARTHQUAKE
TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE
- are
produced by sudden movement
along faults and plate boundaries
VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE
are produced by movement of
-
magma beneath volcanoes.
 FAULT
- A fault is a break or fracture zone in the
Earth's crust along which significant
movement has taken place.
FAULT PLANE
- surface that the movement has taken place
within a fault.

HANGING WALL
- the rock mass resting on the fault plane.

FOOT WALL
- the rock mass beneath the fault plane.
TWO TYPES
OF
FAULT
 NORMAL FAULT
- forms as a result of
TENSION.

- the rock layers in the Earth’s

crust are pulled apart, and
gravity causes one section to
move downward in relation to
the other.
 REVERSE FAULT
- forms as a result of
COMPRESSION.

- the rock layers in the Earth’s

crust are squeezed together,
and the force pushes one
section upward in relation to
the other.
 STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
- forms when the rock layers on
opposite sides of a fault slides
past each other horizontally.
- this type of fault is sometimes
called as TEAR, WZENCK or
TRANSCURRENT FAULT
Shearing
-- forms when the rock
layers on opposite
sides of a fault slides
past each other
horizontally.
*This type of fault is
sometimes called as
tear, wzenck or
transcurrent fault.
MAGNITUDE
AND
INTENSITY
MAGNITUDE
- a measure of the amount of energy
released during an earthquake. It is
frequently described using the
Richter scale.
- Richter scale is a logarithm scale use to rate
the strength or total energy of earthquake.
INTENSITY
- a measures how strong thr earthquake
impacts of a specific location. It is the
effect on people or surroundings. It is
sometimes described by Mercalli scale..
- Mercalli scale describes the intensity of an
earthquake based on its observed effects.
 PHIVOLCS
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

- is a Philippine national institution dedicated to

provide information on the activities of volcanoes,
earthquakes, and tsunamis, as well as other related
geotectonic phenomena.
WHAT TO DO?
SEISMIC WAVES
TYPES OF
BODY WAVES
- can travel through the Earth’s inner
layers. There are two type of body
waves, the P-waves or pressure
waves and S-waves or Secondary
waves or shear waves.
P waves or Primary waves
- can travel through liquid and solids and gases, it is a longitudinal
type of wave. P waves travel faster than other seismic waves and
hence are the first signal from an earthquake to arrive at any affected
location or at a seismograph.

S waves or Secondary waves

- only travel through solids. The second waves to hit the
seismographs. They are transverse waves, which means that the
motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
 SURFACE WAVES
-are typically generated when the source of the
earthquake is close to the Earth’s surface. As their name
suggests, surface waves travel just below the surface of
the ground. Although they move even more slowly than
S-waves, they can be much larger in amplitude and are
often the most destructive type of seismic wave. There
are several types of surface wave, but the two most
common varieties are Rayleigh waves and Love waves.
L waves or Love waves
- have a horizontal motion that moves the surface from side to
side perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling. Of
the two surface waves, Love waves move faster.
R waves or Rayleigh waves
-cause the ground to shake in an elliptical pattern. This motion
is similar to that observed in ocean waves. Of all the seismic
waves, Rayleigh waves spread out the most, giving them a
long duration on seismograph recordings.
 TSUNAMI
A Japanese word meaning harbour (tsu) and
wave (nami)
Tsunami
are giant waves caused by earthquakes or
volcanic eruptions under the sea. Out in the
depths of the ocean, tsunami waves do not
dramatically increase in height. But as the
waves travel inland, they build up to higher
and higher heights as the depth of the ocean
decreases.
Terms to remember:
Seismograph – Instrument use to record the magnitude of an
earthquake.

Seismogram- the data sheet (paper) where earthquake data are being
written.

Seismologist – The person studying seismology

Seismology- branch of science that deals with the study of seismic

waves.
Seismic waves are considered the vibrations that is produced in the
focus.