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Chapter 4 - Cellular
Chapter 4 - Cellular
Chapter 4 - Cellular
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Overview
• Cellular and residential cordless telephones (wireless systems)
were introduced in the mid-1980s.
• The cellular networks are evolving through several generations.
The older generations (1G and 2G) provide lower data rates, while
the new (3G and beyond) offer higher data rates.
• The cellular network consists of many “cells,” managed by BS.
1 Mbps 3G
(144Kbps to 2Mbps)
100 Kbps
2.5G
(10-150Kbps)
10 Kbps
2G
(9.6Kbps)
1 Kbps
1G
(<1Kbps)
Mobile Public
Telephone Switched
Switching Telephone
Cell 2 Center Network
(MTSC) (PSTN)
HLR VLR
Wired connection 6
VLR = Visitor Location Register
Cont…
X-rays
Session4
Session2
Session3
Session4
Session1
Frequency
Session3
Frequency
Session2
Session1
Time
Time Time Division
Frequency Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Multiple Access (FDMA) 2G TDMA
1G Cellular (AMPS) All sessions 3G TDMA
Frequency
based on a
code
Time
2G CDMA (IS-95)
3G CDMA Code Division 11
Multiple Access (CDMA)
Techniques of Location Management
Cell-id based location.
• Assigned id of the cell you are in and stored in a database.
• As you move from one cell to another, you are assigned a
different cell-id and the location database is updated.
Angle of arrival (AOA): the angle at w/c radio waves from your
device "attach” an antenna is used to calculate the location of the
device.
Estimated Time & Signal Strength -the time taken b/n the device &
the antenna is used to calculate the location of the device.
– Exclusively analog
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Security Issues with 1G
• Analog cellular phones are insecure
• Theft of airtime:
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Second Generation Cellular
– Survived
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Differences B/n 1st and 2nd Generation Systems
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Mobile Station and Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Mobile station
• Mobile station communicates across Um interface (air interface) with
base station transceiver in same cell as mobile unit
• Mobile equipment (ME) – physical terminal, such as a telephone or PC
1. Call made to mobile unit (cellular phone) 6. Call routed to terminating MSC
2. Telephone network recognizes number and 7. MSC asks VLR to correlate call to
gives to gateway MSC the subscriber
3. MSC can’t route further, interrogates user’s 8. VLR complies
HLR 9. Mobile unit is paged
4. Interrogates VLR currently serving user 10. Mobile unit responds, MSCs convey
(roaming number request) information back to telephone
5. Routing number returned to HLR and then
to gateway MSC
Legend: MTSC= Mobile Telephone Service Center, BTS = Base Transceiver Station
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HLR=Home Location Register, VLR=Visiting Location Register
Drawbacks of CDMA Cellular
3G
2 Mbps
CDMA Migration CDMA2000
3XRTT W-CDMA
1G-2G Migration (UMTS) (UMTS)
500 kbps
TDMA Migration
2.5G
150 Kbps EDGE
CDMA-2000
1XRTT
100 Kbps
GPRS
2G
50 Kbps
IS-95
10 Kbps 1G
GSM
1 Kbps AMPS
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