CARPENTRY

Carpentry is the term commonly

referring to technology and science of
cutting, fitting, and assembling related
materials in the construction of boats,
bridges and piers, or any other
structure made from construction
materials.
Woods are by-product of trees
which are used for carpentry projects.

Woodworking is the skill of

making items from wood, and
includes cabinet making, wood
carving, joinery, carpentry, and
woodturning.
 TYPES OF WOODS
1. Lumber
– Woods that came from trees, either
softwood or hardwood.
• Softwood – called as conifers
• Hardwood – comes from broad leafed
(deciduous) trees
2. Yard lumber
– Prepared lumber for variety of uses.
• Select grade – lumber of good
appearance that can take different
finishes such as stain, paint, and enamel.
• Common grade – suitable for rough
carpentry. It is not of finishing quality (eg.
Coco Lumber)
3. Manufactured wood
–Also called man-made wood, this
are timber sheets which are
produced by gluing wood layers
or wood fibers together.
• Wood veneer – thin slices of wood
• Plywood – a sheet material from thin
layers or "plies" of wood veneer
 PARTS OF A WOOD
• Heartwood – inner part of the wood which is
made up of accumulated dead cells.
• Sapwood – the part of the wood that is close
to the bark
• Cambium layer – a thin layer that divides the
inner part of the wood and the bark.
• Bark – outermost layer of the wood
• Growth rings – are visible as
concentric circles. They represent layers of
cells produced by vascular.
• Vascular rays - constitute the
horizontal system of secondary tissues; this
horizontal system acts in the translocation
and storage of food and water.
 LUMBER DEFECTS
• Split or Check is a lengthwise separation of the
wood along the grain like small crack or split
• Knot is a branch or limb of a tree that has
been exposed when the log is cut.
• Pitch Pocket – internal cavity that contains
resinous materials. (usually attracts ants)
• Stain – discoloration of the wood surface
• Shake – separation between the annual growth rings.
• Wood warping is
deformity in wood occurring when
the moisture content of different
parts of a piece of wood changes
unevenly.
The standard size of a common
plywood is
a. 4 x 6 feet
b. 4 x 8 feet
c. 6 x 8 feet
d. 6 x 10 feet
The standard size of a common
plywood is
a. 4 x 6 feet
b. 4 x 8 feet
c. 6 x 8 feet
d. 6 x 10 feet
 Board Foot
(unit measurement of lumber)
• (T” x W” x L’ ) / 12
• Example:
– 7 pieces of 2” x 4” x 12’ , cost Php 11.00 per board
feet.
 2x4x12 = 96/12 = 8 bd. ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd. Ft.
 (8 bd. Ft. x 7 pcs) x Php 11.00
56 bd. Ft. x Php 11.00
Php 616.00
A carpenter bought 7 pieces of
2”x4”x12’ lumber. If the price is 35.00
per board foot, how much did he pay?
a. 1,980.00
b. 1,940.00
c. 1,950.00
d. 1,960.00
Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00
Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00

2 x 4 x 12 =
Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00

2 x 4 x 12 = 96
Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00

2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 =
Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00

2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.
Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00

2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.
8 bd ft. x 7 pcs =
Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00

2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.
8 bd ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd ft.
Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00

2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.
8 bd ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd ft.
56 bd ft. x Php 35.00 =
Size: 2” x 4” x 12’
No. of pcs: 7
Price per Bd ft.: Php 35.00

2 x 4 x 12 = 96/12 = 8 bd ft.
8 bd ft. x 7 pcs = 56 bd ft.
56 bd ft. x Php 35.00 = Php 1,960.00
A carpenter bought 7 pieces of
2”x4”x12’ lumber. If the price is 35.00
per board foot, how much did he pay?
a. 1,980.00
b. 1,940.00
c. 1,950.00
d. 1,960.00
Find the total number of board feet of
six pieces of lumber with a dimension
of 2" x 4" x 12'.
a. 8 bd. ft.
b. 96 bd. ft.
c. 48 bd. ft.
d. 480 bd. ft.
six pieces of 2" x 4" x 12’

2 x 4 x 12 = 96
96/12 = 8 bd ft.
8 bd ft. x 6 pcs = 48 bd ft.
Find the total number of board feet of
six pieces of lumber with a dimension
of 2" x 4" x 12'.
a. 8 bd. ft.
b. 96 bd. ft.
c. 48 bd. ft.
d. 480 bd. ft.
Five (5) pieces of a 1” x 1” x 8” lumber
is how many board feet?
A. 35
B. 45
C. 30
D. 40
Five pieces of 1” x 1” x 8”

1x1x8=8
8 bd ft. x 5 pcs = 40 bd ft.
Five (5) pieces of a 1” x 1” x 8” lumber
is how many board feet?
A. 35
B. 45
C. 30
D. 40
A 2” x 3” x 12” lumber is how many
board feet?
A. Six feet
B. Eight feet
C. Two feet
D. Ten feet
2” x 3” x 12”

2 x 3 x 12 = 72
2” x 3” x 12”

2 x 3 x 12 = 72
72/12 = 6
A 2” x 3” x 12” lumber is how many
board feet?
A. Six board feet
B. Eight board feet
C. Two board feet
D. Ten board feet
 QUALITY OF WOOD
• S2S – planed or smooth on two sides
• S4S – planed or smooth on four sides
• S3S – board has been surfaced S2S first, then
one edge is ripped straight
• Rough lumber – unplanned usually passes
exact dimension in T, W, L.
• Surfaced lumber – Planed lumber usually
lessened in actual size by about 3/8 of an inch
A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and
trimmed in which cutting marks are visible
is ____.
a. Rough
b. Smooth
c. Dressed
d. Worked
A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and
trimmed in which cutting marks are visible
is ____.
a. Rough
b. Smooth – grade of lumber that is ready for
finishing
c. Dressed
d. Worked
A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and
trimmed in which cutting marks are visible
is ____.
a. Rough
b. Smooth – grade of lumber that is ready for
finishing
c. Dressed – has been put through planning
machine which gives fine surface
d. Worked
A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and
trimmed in which cutting marks are visible
is ____.
a. Rough
b. Smooth – grade of lumber that is ready for
finishing
c. Dressed – has been put through planning
machine which gives fine surface
d. Worked – has been dressed and matched,
ship lapped, or patterned
A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and
trimmed in which cutting marks are visible
is ____.
a. Rough
b. Smooth
c. Dressed
d. Worked
 WOOD PREPARATION
• Seasoning the process of drying the wood in
preparation for use.
– Air Seasoning (Sun Dried) – filling the wood in
open air
– Kiln Seasoning (Kiln Dried) – the use of oven to
dry wood
– Treated – Use of Chemical compound before
seasoning
• approximate moisture content of drying
hardwood for home furniture are:
20 % for softwood
6-12 % for hardwood
 WOOD JOINTS

Joinery is the process of putting the

work together.
 Lap joint
Miter joint

Rabbet joint

Butt joint
• Butt joint – the end of one piece is fastened to
the surface or edge of other piece.
• Milter joint – the corners are cut usually at 45
degrees and joined forming right angle.
• Dovetail – used on the corners of drawers and
chairs. (“Kaltas”)
• Mortise and Tenon – is one of the strongest
joint used for quality chairs, tables and
benches. (Force Fitting)
• Dado - is a groove that runs on board and
receives the end or edge of the second board.
(“TnG”)
• Rabbet - is a wood joint commonly used for
making frames to hold glass in constructing
drawers and other cabinetwork.
• MITER JOINT – picture frame
• LAP or BUTT JOINT – tables
and chairs
• MORTISE and TENON – chairs,
table and benches
 COMMON TOOLS
•Push Pull Steel Tape Rule - steel tape is assembled
in a fixed casing and retracts automatically by
spring.
Try Square - is use for testing the squareness
of two surfaces. Woodworking tool used to
mark a line at 90 degrees to the edge of the
wood or finding "square".
Marking Gauge - it is used in laying out and
marking the thickness and width of stock.
Sliding T Bevel - this tool can be set to lay out
any angle.
Scratch awl is used to lay out positions for
drilling and boring holes.
Dividers are used for dividing space equally,
transferring measurements and scribing arcs
and circles.
 HOLDING TOOLS
Clamp is used for gluing up large surfaces,
edge to edge and for clamping parts together
when assembling projects.
Bench Vise is used for holding a work of piece
to allow work to be performed in it.
Brace – it is used for holding auger bits,
fastener bits and other tools with rectangular
shape shanks.
Back Saw – making wood joint.
Coping Saw – plywood
Crosscut Saw – across the grain
Hack Saw – cut metal
Key Hole or Compass Saw – irregular and circle
shape in wood.
Long crosscut Saw – large and round lumber
Rip Saw – along the grain
Fret Saw – deep accurate cut
Jigsaw – power tool, circular shape
 CUTTING TOOLS
Long crosscut saw – it is used in cutting large
and round timber.
Rip saw – it is designed in sawing along the
grain.
Crosscut saw – it is designed in cutting across
the grain. The shape of the teeth is similar to
knife blades.
Backsaw – it has stiff blades for more accurate
work both on the bench and the vise.
Hack saw – is used to cut metal.
Coping saw – used in cutting irregular
shapes.
Keyhole saw – used in cutting circle shape in
a wood.
Fretsaw – is a bow saw used for intricate
cutting work which often incorporates tight
curves
Dovetail saw – small backsaw used to cut
dovetails.
Jigsaws – are best used for cutting shapes
and curves in wood with its narrow blade
Chainsaw – is a portable gasoline-, electric-,
or battery-powered saw that cuts with a set of
teeth attached to a rotating chain driven along
a guide bar.
 Boring Tools
Auger bits – it is designed for boring holes in
woods.
Brace – it is used for holding auger bits and
other tools with rectangular shape shanks.
Gimlet – it is a small brace bit fitted with a box
wood handle. It is used in boring holes with
small diameter.
 DRIVING TOOLS
Claw Hammer – it is used in driving and pulling
nails.
Mallet – it is made of wood and it is used in
driving chisels with wooden handles.
Ball Peen Hammer – it has a round knob at
the back of the hammer. It is used in metal
work
Pin Hammer – very lightweight hammer which
is used for very fine work
Cross Pein Hammer – It is used in metal
work, stone work, blacksmithing or
woodworking
 SMOOTHENING TOOLS
Plane - it is used in reducing the thickness or
width of a piece of wood and for smoothing
surfaces
Spokeshave – it is used to plane convex and
concave edges
Chisels and gouges – it is used in cutting
edge and carving of woods.
Sandpaper – used to remove material from
surfaces, either to make them smoother
Scraper – is tool made of steel. It is used to
produce a very smooth surface.
Wood Fillers - this are used to eliminate deep cuts
and holes in your finished project, so that surface
can be made even and smooth.
 FINISHING TOOLS
Enamel paint – used on copper, metal surfaces,
glass, wood, plastic, and even walls. It is resistant
to moisture, and it's perfect for surfaces that
need to be washed multiple times.
Opaque Wood Finish – a premium quality, low
maintenance, alkyd resin based wood finish for
interior and exterior use.
Stain - is a wood finishing material; derived from
different color of woods such as walnut,
mahogany and natural color.
Shellac - a finishing material came from gums
substance of insects.
Varnish - a finishing material when applied produces
high glossy finish to a project. It came in different
forms, from gum, linseed oil, resin, turpentine and or
chemical drier.
 WOODWORKING METHODS
• Planning
– Drawing and designing
– Identify bill of materials (canvassing)
– List procedures
– List tools and materials
• Cutting – size and shapes
• Assembling – constructing
• Sanding and Finishing – smooth finish
 DESIGN A PRODUCT
Designing processes to follow;
1. Clarify the purpose, condition and place of use.
2. Draw a conceptual picture.
3. List the materials needed.
4. List the tools and equipment to be used in
processing.
5. Prepare technical drawings and parts drawings.
6. Make prototype if possible.
 Wood Floor System
1. Girder – principal beam extending from wall to
wall.
2. Floor joist – placed on the girders where the
floor boards are fastened
3. Sill – rest horizontally upon the foundation
4. Header – Short transverse joist that supports
the end of cut-off joist at a stair well hole
5. Trimmer – Supporting joist which carries an end
portion of header.
6. Flooring – tongue and groove board which is
most common of wood flooring materials.
TYPES OF ROOF
Shed or Lean-to-
Roof
Simplest form of
roof consisting of
one single slope.
Gable or Pitch Roof
Most common type
and economical
form of roof
Hip Roof
Common form
used in modern
houses
Hip and Valley
Roof
Combination of hip
roof and an
intersecting gable
roof forming T or L
shaped building.
Pyramid Roof
Modification of
hip roof
Gambrel Roof
Modification of
the gable roof
with each side
having two
slopes
Dome
Hemispherical
form of roof
Butterfly Roof
• Otherwise known as an
inverted pitch roof.
• Provides the added
benefit of allowing larger
walls and windows to a
structure, with an easily
managed way of
harvesting rainwater
through the middle
channel in the roof.
Curved Roof
• help to reduce
resistance to wind, but
are mainly chosen due
to the stunning aesthetic
look they can add to a
building
Dormers
• contain a window that
projects vertically from a
traditional pitched roof
• most popular in loft
conversions
• providing an easy way of
expanding the space and
natural light in the
converted loft room
Flat Roof
• a slight pitch to allow
water to run-off and
drain
• most commonly used for
industrial and
commercial buildings
such as offices and
warehouses
M-shaped Roof
• double-pitched roof;
essentially a double
gable
• Central guttering runs
between the two pitches
to stop any snow or rain
building up in the winter
season
Parapet Roof
• addition of a parapet
makes a flat roof far
safer, providing a small
barrier that provides
additional security to
reduce the likelihood of
anyone standing the roof
falling over the edge.
Truss
– series of triangles used to distribute load and
stiffen the structure spacing
1. Girts – the structural member that supports the
rafters or truss of a building.
2. Collar Beam – ties between rafters on opposite
sides of roof.
3. Purlins – the structural member placed on top of
the rafter or top chord of a truss that support the
roofing materials.
 Common Parts of a Stair
Rise Height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing.

Riser Vertical face of stair step.

Run Horizontal distance from the first to last riser of stair flight.

Landing Horizontal floor as resting place in a flight.

Well Place occupied by flight of stairs
Well Hole Opening in the floor at the top of the flight of stairs.

Stair Clear vertical height measured from nosing of a stair tread to

Headroom any overhead construction.

Tread Horizontal part of a step including the nosing.

Step Stair unit which consist of one tread and one riser.
Winders Steps not parallel with each other
The Stairs
What computational formula is used
to compute for the measurement of
wood in board feet?
A. (T” + W” + L’ )* 10
B. (T” x W” x L’ )/ 10
C. (T” - W” - L’ )/ 12
D. (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
What computational formula is used
to compute for the measurement of
wood in board feet?
A. (T” + W” + L’ )* 10
B. (T” x W” x L’ )/ 10
C. (T” - W” - L’ )/ 12
D. (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
How much will Mr. Policarpio pay if he
purchase 14 pieces of 2x2x10 of
lumber and the prices per board foot
is Php 12.50?
A. Php 41.66
B. Php 583.33
C. Php 46.66
D. Php 653.33
Bd.ft= (T” x W” x L’ )/ 12
Bd.ft= (2 x 2 x 10) /12
Bd.ft= 3.33

3.33 Bd.ft x 14 pcs x Php12.50

46.66 Bd.ft x Php 12.50
= Php 583.33
How much will Mr. Policarpio pay if he
purchase 14 pieces of 2x2x10 of
lumber and the prices per board foot
is Php 12.50?
A. Php 41.66
B. Php 583.33
C. Php 46.66
D. Php 653.33
What kind of joint in carpentry is
illustrated below?
A. Mortise & Tenon
B. Dovetail
C. Milter joint
D. Dado
What kind of joint in carpentry is
illustrated below?
A. Mortise & Tenon
B. Dovetail
C. Milter joint
D. Dado
What kind of Lumber defect is shown
below?
A. Split
B. Shake
C. Pitch Pocket
D. Stain
What kind of Lumber defect is shown
below?
A. Split
B. Shake
C. Pitch Pocket
D. Stain
This is a finishing material came from
gums substance of insects.
A. Wood Stain
B. Shellac
C. Varnish
D. Paint
This is a finishing material came from
gums substance of insects.
A. Wood Stain
B. Shellac
C. Varnish
D. Paint
PRE – TEST
1. The term commonly referring to
technology and science of cutting, fitting,
and assembling related materials in the
construction is called?
a. Wood working
b. Construction
c. Masonry
d. Carpentry
1. The term commonly referring to
technology and science of cutting, fitting,
and assembling related materials in the
construction is called?
a. Wood working
b. Construction
c. Masonry
d. Carpentry
2. In cutting with the saw what part of the
body is used as guide?
a. Hand
b. Finger
c. Feet
d. Thumb
2. In cutting with the saw what part of the
body is used as guide?
a. Hand
b. Finger
c. Feet
d. Thumb
3. When working with piece of materials as
in sawing, boring, filing and planning,
always use?
a. Clamps
b. Tie
c. Vise
d. Guide
3. When working with piece of materials as
in sawing, boring, filing and planning,
always use?
a. Clamps
b. Tie
c. Vise
d. Guide
4. In laying out and marking the thickness
and width of stock, the best tool to use is
a. Pencil
b. Ruler
c. Marking gauge
d. All of the above
4. In laying out and marking the thickness
and width of stock, the best tool to use is
a. Pencil
b. Ruler
c. Marking gauge
d. All of the above
5. This tool is used in checking the
squareness of the corners of a surface.
a. Try square
b. Steel Framing square
c. Sliding T bevel
d. All of the above
5. This tool is used in checking the
squareness of the corners of a surface.
a. Try square
b. Steel Framing square
c. Sliding T bevel
d. All of the above
6. A handsaw which is designed in cutting
woods along the grain. It has a chisel like
teeth that form the saw kerfs by cutting
the ends of the fibers.
a. Hack saw
b. Rip saw
c. Back saw
d. Crosscut saw
6. A handsaw which is designed in cutting
woods along the grain. It has a chisel like
teeth that form the saw kerfs by cutting
the ends of the fibers.
a. Hack saw
b. Rip saw
c. Back saw
d. Crosscut saw
7. What do you call the measuring
instrument used by workers which is
reeled in housing and retracts
automatically by a spring?
a. Zigzag rule
b. Push steel rule
c. Steel rule
d. Ruler
7. What do you call the measuring
instrument used by workers which is
reeled in housing and retracts
automatically by a spring?
a. Zigzag rule
b. Push steel rule
c. Steel rule
d. Ruler
8. The beauty and neatness of a product in
woodworking depend mostly on the skills
of the worker. What other attribute will
follow?
a. Tools and Equipment used
b. Correct Layout
c. Accuracy of measurement
d. All of the above
8. The beauty and neatness of a product in
woodworking depend mostly on the skills
of the worker. What other attribute will
follow?
a. Tools and Equipment used
b. Correct Layout
c. Accuracy of measurement
d. All of the above
9. Woods that comes from trees that have
needle like leaves which remain evergreen
throughout the year.
a. Soft wood
b. Hard wood
c. Lumber
d. Yard lumber
9. Woods that comes from trees that have
needle like leaves which remain evergreen
throughout the year.
a. Soft wood
b. Hard wood
c. Lumber
d. Yard lumber
10. It is a buy product of lumber which is
made of large thin layers or sheets of
woods called plies.
a. Plyboard
b. Good lumber
c. Plywood
d. Hard lumber
10. It is a buy product of lumber which is
made of large thin layers or sheets of
woods called plies.
a. Plyboard
b. Good lumber
c. Plywood
d. Hard lumber
11. Wood shrinks when it dries and swells
when it absorbs water. What should be the
approximate moisture content of drying
hardwood for home furniture?
a. 20%
b. 6-12%
c. 15%
d. 5-10%
11. Wood shrinks when it dries and swells
when it absorbs water. What should be the
approximate moisture content of drying
hardwood for home furniture?
a. 20%
b. 6-12%
c. 15%
d. 5-10%
12. Which direction of wood fiber will
provide the highest level of bending
strength?
a. Parallel to fiber direction
b. Along the fiber direction
c. Across the fiber direction
d. Diagonal the fiber direction
12. Which direction of wood fiber will
provide the highest level of bending
strength?
a. Parallel to fiber direction
b. Along the fiber direction
c. Across the fiber direction
d. Diagonal the fiber direction
13. In sawing soft and thin wood, what
angle of the saw is recommended?
a. 15-30 degrees
b. 45-60 degrees
c. 30-45 degrees
d. 30-60 degrees
13. In sawing soft and thin wood, what
angle of the saw is recommended?
a. 15-30 degrees
b. 45-60 degrees
c. 30-45 degrees
d. 30-60 degrees
14. The process of drying the lumber to
remove its saps and make ready for use is
called
a. Drying
b. Treating
c. Seasoning
d. Preparing
14. The process of drying the lumber to
remove its saps and make ready for use is
called
a. Drying
b. Treating
c. Seasoning
d. Preparing
15. It is the operation performed in the
preparation of wood for commercial
purposes.
a. Seasoning
b. Sawing
c. Lumbering
d. Logging
15. It is the operation performed in the
preparation of wood for commercial
purposes.
a. Seasoning
b. Sawing
c. Lumbering
d. Logging
THANK YOU!