RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
AND DESIGN
Prepared By: Rachel Marie C. Cortez RN
MSN II-A
 TOPICS

• NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

• TYPES OF RESEARCH DATA

• QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

 Non-experimental research is the type of research that lacks an
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
independent variable. Instead, the researcher observes the context in
RESEARCH
which the phenomenon occurs and analyzes it to obtain information.
 TYPES OF NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Cross-sectional research Longitudinal research

is used to observe and analyze the exact time of the
research to cover various study groups or samples.
This type of research is divided into:
researchers aim to analyze the changes and development
of the relationships between variables over time.
Longitudinal research can be divided into:

 Descriptive: When values are observed where one or

 Trend: tracks changes in a particular phenomenon
more variables are presented.
within a population over time.
 Causal: It is responsible for explaining the reasons
 Group evolution: focuses on the development and
and relationship that exists between variables in a
change within specific groups.
given time.
 Panel: Involves repeatedly studying the same

individuals or households over time

 Research data refers to any information or evidence gathered
through systematic investigation or experimentation to support
RESEARCH or refute a hypothesis or answer a research question.

DATA It includes both primary and secondary data, and can be in

various formats such as numerical, textual, audiovisual, or
visual. Research data plays a critical role in scientific inquiry
and is often subject to rigorous analysis, interpretation, and
dissemination to advance knowledge and inform decision-
making.
 Some common formats
include:
01 Text 06 Sensor Data

02 Numeric 07 Social Media Data

03 Audio 08 Geographic Information System (GIS) Data

04 Video

05 Images
 TYPES OF
Quantitative Data QUANTITATIVE
DATA
1.Discrete data
This type of data involves the collection Discrete data consists of distinct, separate
and analysis of numerical data. It is often values or categories that you can measure.
gathered through surveys, experiments, or
other types of structured data collection 2.Continuous data
methods. Quantitative data can be analyzed Continuous data embodies information that
using statistical techniques to identify can assume any value within a defined range
patterns or relationships in the data. or interval.

Qualitative
Data
This type of data is non-numerical and
often involves the collection and analysis of
words, images, or sounds. It is often
gathered through methods such as
interviews, focus groups, or observation.
Qualitative data can be analyzed using
techniques such as content analysis,
thematic analysis, or discourse analysis.
TYPES OF
QUALITATIVE
DATA
1.Nominal data
Nominal data refers to categorical information
that lacks inherent order or ranking. When you
work with nominal data, you'll often use it to
classify or group items based on their
attributes.
2.Ordinal data
Ordinal data represents information with a
clear order or ranking, but the differences
between the values are not quantifiable.
 Q U A L ITATIV E AN D Q UAN TITATIVE R E SE A R C H

Basic Quantitaive
Qualitative
comparison

Meaning measured and expressed numerically non numerical, analysis of words,images and sounds

Focus focusing on testing theories and hypothesis exploring and explaining ideas and experiences

Questions being
closed ended questions, yes or no true or false open ended questions, how, why?
ask?

Sample requires a large number of respondents does not require a large number of participants

analyzed through the use of statistical analysis mainly analyzed by summarizing, categorizing, interpreting mainly
Analysis
expressed in numbers tables ang graphs expressed in words through narration

Example the yield of the final product after extraction was 78% the final product after extraction was a white powder
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