19 CENTURY

th

PHILIPPINES
AS RIZAL’S
CONTEXT
• era of challenges and
responses
• period of major changes that
affect man and society
• Age of Enlightenment.
 FRAMEWORK OF
REFERENCE:

1. POLITICAL CONTEXT

2. ECONOMIC CONTEXT

3. SOCIO-CULTURAL
CONTEXT
 POLITICAL CONTEXT
• THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
(1861 – 1865)
the political upheaval during the last
half of the 18th century

The Americans were able to overthrow

their British colonial masters to gain
independence and the status of one free
nation-state.
• THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
(1779-1789)
 liberty
 equality
 fraternity
 the struggle between
liberals and conservatives
 • FRAILOCRACY
the Spanish friars were so
influential and powerful that
they practically ruled the
Philippines.
‘real conquistadors’

Spanish priests was feared and obeyed by the people,

and was often kissed on the hands as a sign of respect
and of his great influence.
 • POLITICAL STRUCTURE
DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
ECONOMIC CONTEXT
• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 this generally applied to the
extraordinary transformation in the
method of:
• production
• transportation
• communication
through the substitution of manual
labor to machine.

8
 • ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM

 a form of forced and unpaid labour used by

Spanish authorities and settlers in the
colonies of the Spanish Empire.

the Europeans were expected to

give military protection to the
labourers and offer them the
opportunity to be converted
to Christianity by funding a parish
priest.
 • POLO Y SERVICIO

was a practice employed by Spanish

colonizers for over 250 years that required
the forced labor of all Filipino males from
16 to 60 years old for 40-day periods.
The workers could be placed on any
project the Spanish wanted, despite
hazardous or unhealthy conditions.
 The Galleon Trade was a
government monopoly. Only
two galleons were used:
 One sailed from Acapulco to
Manila with some 500,000 pesos
worth of goods, spending 120
days at sea;
 the other sailed from Manila
• GALLEON TRADE to Acapulco with some 250,000
pesos worth of goods spending 90
days at sea.
• INDULTO DE COMMERCIO

 privilege of
provincial
governors to
engage in and
monopolize trade
Tithe –payment of the 10% of an individual’s
annual income to the government.

Sanctorum –the tax being paid as support to the

church.

Tribute –the tax or rent given to the landlord a

resident is under
 SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT
• SOCIAL PYRAMID Peninsulares- full-blooded white Spaniards who
were born and raised in the Iberian Peninsula
Insulares- full- during the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines.
blooded
Spaniards born Spanish Principalia- the ruling and usually
in the colonies) Mestizos- people educated upper class in the towns of
born in the of mixed native colonial Philippines
Philippines or Filipino and any
the Marianas. foreign ancestry. Chinese Mestizos- any person born of
a Chinese father and an Indio mother

Chinese- Sangleyes (which

meant “businessmen” or
“frequent visitors”).

Indios- native born inhabitants of

the Philippine islands.
 • PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
1855 - Spain realized the need of establishing a system of
public education for the Indios.
- Gov. Gen. Domingo Crespo organized a Commission
and recommended remedial measures to improve elementary
education.

1861- the Commission completed its report and forwarded it

to Spain.
1863 - the Educational Decree of 1863 was issued.
15
 PROVISIONS OF EDUCATIONAL DECREE
OF 1863

1. Establishments of Teacher Training School.

2. Government supervises the public school system.

3. Use of Spanish as medium of instruction in all

schools.

4. Establishment of one primary schools for boys and

for girls in each of major town. 16
Emphasis on Religion

Absence of Academic Freedom

DEFECTS OF
Racial Discrimination EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEM

Limited Curriculum

17
 The abuses and injustices made by the Spanish officials:
• Instability of Colonial • Mal-administration of Justice
Administration
• Racial Discrimination
• Corrupt Spanish Officials

• No Philippine • Frailocracy and

Representation to the Secularization Filipino
Spanish Cortes Priests
• Human Rights Denied to • Force Labor and
the Filipinos Excessive taxes

• Haciendas owned by
• No Equality before the law
Friars and Spanish
Officials