HOUSE OF TUDOR

Kings & Queens of England, Wales and Ireland

1485 - 1603
 House of Tudor
The House of Tudor was an English royal house of Welsh origin. Tudor monarchs ruled the
Kingdom of England and its realms, including their ancestral Wales and the Lordship of
Ireland from 1485 until 1603, with five monarchs in that period: Henry VII, Henry VIII,
Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. The Tudors succeeded the House of Plantagenet as
rulers of the Kingdom of England, and were succeeded by the House of Stuart.

Numerous feature films are based on Tudor history. Queen Elizabeth I has been in special
favorite for filmmakers for generations.
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 King Henry VII
(1485 - 1509)
•Henry was the son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, who died
before Henry was born, and Margaret Beaufort, a descendant of
Edward III.

•He thus united the houses of York and Lancaster, founding the Tudor
royal dynasty.

•Although Henry's accession marked the end of the Wars of the Roses,
the early years of his reign were disturbed by Yorkist attempts to
regain the throne.
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 King Henry VIII
(1509 - 1547)

•King of England from 1509, when he succeeded his father Henry VII
and married Catherine of Aragon, the widow of his elder brother
Arthur. During the period 1513–29 Henry pursued an active foreign
policy, largely under the guidance of his Lord Chancellor, Cardinal
Wolsey, who shared Henry's desire to make England stronger. Wolsey
was replaced by Thomas More in 1529 for failing to persuade the
Pope to grant Henry a divorce.

•However, although he laid the ground for the English Reformation by

the separation from Rome, he had little sympathy with Protestant
dogmas.
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WIFES OF HENRY VIII

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 King Edward VI
(1547 - 1553)

•King of England from 1547, only son of Henry VIII and his third wife,
Jane Seymour. The government was entrusted to his uncle the Duke
of Somerset, and then to the Earl of Warwick, later created Duke of
Northumberland. He was succeeded by his sister Mary I.

•Edward became a staunch Protestant, and during his reign the

Reformation progressed. He died of tuberculosis, and his will,
probably prepared by the Duke of Northumberland, set aside that of
his father so as to exclude his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, from
the succession.

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 Queen Mary I
(1553 - 1558)

•Queen of England from 1553. She was the eldest daughter of Henry
VIII by Catherine of Aragón. When Edward VI died, Mary secured the
crown without difficulty in spite of the conspiracy to substitute Lady
Jane Grey.

•In 1554 Mary married Philip II of Spain, and as a devout Roman

Catholic obtained the restoration of papal supremacy and sanctioned
the persecution of Protestants. The number of executions earned her
the name 'Bloody Mary'. She was succeeded by her half-sister
Elizabeth I
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 Queen Elizabeth I
(1558 - 1603)
• Queen of England (1558–1603), the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne
Boleyn. Her conflict with Roman Catholic Spain led to the defeat of the
Spanish Armada in 1588.

• The war with Spain continued with varying fortunes to the end of the
reign, while events at home foreshadowed the conflicts of the 17th century.
Among the Puritans discontent was developing with Elizabeth's religious
settlement, and several were imprisoned or executed. Parliament showed a
new independence, and in 1601 forced Elizabeth to retreat on the question
of the crown granting manufacturing and trading monopolies. Yet her
prestige remained unabated, as shown by the failure of Essex's rebellion in
1601
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Printing
press
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 Where was the printing press invented?

When someone mentions the printing press most will

instinctively think

of Johannes Guttenberg and his revolution

15th Century (1440 AD) technology.

Whilst his invention was revolutionary in its own right it

wasn't in fact, the first printing press to be developed.

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 History
In fact, the history of the printing press stretches back to
the 3rd Century (the

technique of woodblock printing but on textiles) with its

adaptation for printing text in

wide use during the Tang Dynasty of China (6th-10th

Century AD).

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The Diamond Sutra, a Buddhist book from Dunhuang, China from around 868 A.D. during

the Tang Dynasty, is said to be the oldest known printed book.

The Diamond Sutra was created with a method

known as block

printing, which utilized panels of hand-carved wood

blocks in reverse

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 Bi Sheng
Moveable type, which replaced panels of printing
blocks with moveable individual

letters that could be reused, was developed by Bi

Sheng, from Yingshan, Hubei,

China, who lived roughly from 970 to 1051 A.D.

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The first moveable type was carved into clay and baked
hard

blocks that were then arranged onto an iron frame

that was pressed against an iron plate.

The earliest mention of Bi Sheng’s printing press is in the

book Dream Pool Essays, written in 1086 by scientist

Shen Kuo.

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 Wang Chen

Woodtype made a comeback in 1297 when Ching-te magistrate Wang

Chen

printed a treatise on agriculture and farming practices called Nung Shu.

Wang Chen devised a process to make the wood more durable and
precise.

He then created a revolving table for typesetters to organize with more

efficiency, which led to greater speed in printing.

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Created a revolving table for typesetters to organize
with more efficiency.

Nung Shu is considered the world’s first mass-produced

book. It was exported to Europe and, coincidentally,

documented many Chinese inventions that have been

traditionally attributed to Europeans.

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In Europe, the printing press did not appear until 150 years after Wang
Chen’s

innovation. Goldsmith and inventor Johannes Gutenberg was a political

exile from

Mainz, Germany when he began experimenting with printing in Strasbourg,

France in 1440. He returned to Mainz several years later and by 1450, had a

printing machine perfected and ready to use commercially:

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 Gutenberg Press

Integral to Gutenberg’s design was replacing wood with metal and

printing

blocks with each letter, creating the European version of moveable type.

In order to make the type available in large quantities and to different

stages

printing, Gutenberg applied the concept of replica casting, which saw

letters

created in reverse in brass and then replicas made from these molds by

pouring molten lead.19

Gutenberg Bible
Gutenberg borrowed money from Johannes Fust to fund his
project

and in 1452, Fust joined Gutenberg as a partner to create books.

They set about printing calendars, pamphlets and other

ephemera.

In 1452, Gutenberg produced the one book to come out of his

shop:

a Bible. It’s estimated he printed 180 copies of the 1,300-

paged Gutenberg Bible, as many as 60 of them on vellum. Each

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