Frederic H.

Martini
Fundamentals of
Anatomy & Physiology
SIXTH EDITION

Chapter 1, part 2
An Introduction to
Anatomy and Physiology

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by

Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
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SECTION 1-3
Homeostasis

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Two general points within homeostasis

• Autoregulation
• Extrinsic regulation

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Homeostatic regulation involves

• A receptor
• A control center
• An effector

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Figure 1.5 Negative Feedback: The Control of
Body Temperature

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Figure 1.6 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting

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SECTION 1-4
A frame of reference for anatomical studies

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Anatomical position – standing upright with
palms facing forward

• Superficial anatomy breaks the body into

anatomical landmarks and regions
• Sectional anatomy provides directional
references

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Figure 1.7 Anatomical Landmarks

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Figure 1.8 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and
Regions

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Figure 1.9 Directional References

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Plans and Sections are important in visualizing
structures

• Transverse plane divides the body into superior

and inferior
• Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into
anterior and posterior
• Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right
• Midsagittal divides the body exactly down the
middle

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Figure 1.10 Planes of Section

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Body Cavities

• Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital

organs
• Cavities protect vital organs
• Cavities allow organs to change in shape and
size
• Two body cavities
• Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity
and the spinal cavity
• Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity
and the abdominopelvic cavity
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Figure 1.12a Body Cavities

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Thoracic Cavities

• The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.

• It is subdivided into the left and right pleural
cavities and the mediastinum
• Each pleural cavity contains one lung lined by
the visceral and parietal pleura
• The mediastinum contains the pericardium,
another serous membrane that surrounds the
heart

PLAY Animation: Heart Dissection

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

• The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the

peritoneum
• The abdominal cavity extends from the
diaphragm to the superior margins of the
pelvis
• liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large
intestine

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

• The pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis, with

a floor of muscle
• reproductive organs, urinary bladder and
the final portion of the large intestine

PLAY Animation: Digestive System Dissection

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Clinical technology allows many different views
of the body

• X-rays
• Computerized tomography (CT) scans
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans
• Ultrasound images
• Spiral CT scans
• Digital subtraction angiography images (DSA)
• Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

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Figure 1.13 X-rays

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Figure 1.14 Common scanning techniques

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Figure 1.15 Special Scanning Methods

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You should now be familiar with:

• The characteristics of life.

• The sciences of anatomy and physiology and their
various subdivisions.
• The levels of organization in the human body.
• The definition and importance of homeostasis.
• The terminology associated with superficial and
sectional anatomy and the body cavities.

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