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TODAYS TOPIC - SCAPULA

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PRESENTED BY Dr. JAYAKRISHNAN

HARISHKUMAR
 Scapula

It is a sturdy, flat, triangular bone.

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The scapula or shoulder blade is the bone that connects the clavicle to the
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humerus.
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There are 2 scapula present on either side of the spinal column.

Each overlies the 2nd –7th ribs.

It has 2 surface, 3 borders, 3 angles, 3 processes.

 Scapula

Two surfaces are

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Costal surface
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• Also known as ventral surface or subscapular fossa
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• Medial two-third of the fossa are marked by several oblique ridges

Dorsal surface

• Arched from above downwards

• Gives attachments to spine of scapula which divides the surface into

two unequal parts: supraspinatus fossa and infraspinatus fossa

 Scapula

attachments Three borders are

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Superior border

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• Shortest and thinnest, mostly irregular
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• Extends from medial angle to the base of the coracoid process

Lateral or axillary border

• Thickest
• Begins above at the lower margin of glenoid cavity, inclines obliquely
downward and backward to inferior angle
 Scapula

Three borders are

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Medial or vertebral border
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• Longest
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• Extends from the superior angle to the inferior angle

 Scapula

attachments Three angles are

Superior angle:
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• Formed by the junction of the superior and vertebral borders

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• Thin, smooth , rounded, inclined somewhat lateral

• Covered by trapezius

Inferior angle:
• Formed by the union of the vertebral
and axillary border
• Covered by the latissimus dorsi
 Scapula

Three angles are

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Lateral angle:

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• Also known as glenoid angle
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• Thickest part of the bone

• Bears glenoid cavity or fossa

 Scapula

Three processes are

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Spinous process:

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• Triangular part of bone
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• Three borders and two surfaces

• Divides the dorsal surface of scapula into the supraspinous and

infraspinous fossa

• Crest has upper and lower lips

 Scapula

Three processes are

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Acromion process:

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• Large and somewhat triangular
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• Has two border: medial and lateral

• Lateral border is thick and irregular

• Medial border is shorter and concave

 Scapula

Three processes are

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Coracoid process:
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• Thick curved process
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• Attached by a broad base to upper part of the neck of scapula

• Directed forwards and slightly lateral

 Muscle attachments
The intrinsic muscles of the scapula attach directly to the surface of the
bone. These muscles are the four members of the rotator cuff and act
to stabilize the glenohumeral joint. These include:

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Supraspinatus
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• Function: Initiation of arm abduction (first 15 degrees), stabilize
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glenohumeral joint

• Origin: Supraspinous fossa

• Insertion: Top of the greater tubercle

• Innervation: Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)

 Muscle attachments
Infraspinatus
• Function: Lateral rotation of the arm, stabilize glenohumeral joint
• Origin: Infraspinous fossa

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• Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus, between the

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supraspinatus and teres minor insertion
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• Innervation: Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)

 Muscle attachments
Teres minor
• Function: Lateral rotation of the arm, stabilize glenohumeral joint

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• Origin: Lateral/axillary border and adjacent posterior aspect of the scapula

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• Insertion: Inferior aspect of the greater tubercle on the humerus
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• Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5, C6)

 Muscle attachments
Subscapularis
• Function: Adduction and medial rotation of the arm, stabilize

glenohumeral joint

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• Origin: Subscapular fossa

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• Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus

• Innervation: Subscapular nerves (C5, C6, C7)

 Muscle attachments
The extrinsic muscles of the scapula attach to the processes of the scapula and
affect motion at the glenohumeral joint: These include:

• Biceps brachii

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• Triceps brachii

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• Deltoid

• Trapezius

• Levator scapulae

• Serratus anterior

• Rhomboid major

• Rhomboid minor
 Movements
The scapula is an important bone in the function of the shoulder joint. It engages in 6
types of motion, which allow for full-functional upper extremity movement including:

• Protraction: is accomplished by the actions of the serratus anterior,

pectoralis major, and pectoralis minor muscles.

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• Retraction: is accomplished by the actions of the trapezius,

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rhomboids, and latissimus dorsi muscles.
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• Elevation: is accomplished by the trapezius, levator scapulae, and

rhomboid muscles.
 Movements

• Depression: is accomplished through the force of gravity and the

actions of the latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior,

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pectoralis major and minor, and the trapezius

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muscles.

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is accomplished by the trapezius and serratus

• Upward rotation:
anterior muscles.

is accomplished by the force of gravity as well as

• Downward rotation:
the latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids,
and the pectoralis major and minor muscles.
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significance Movements

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 CLINICAL SIGNIFICANTS
• Winging of the scapula: may occur after injury to the long thoracic or
the spinal accessory nerves. The long thoracic nerve may be injured during

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axillary dissection, trauma, or a thoracotomy. The spinal accessory nerve may be
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injured during a procedure or with trauma to the posterior neck.

• Scaphoid scapula: a scapula in which the vertebral border below the level
of the spine presents concavity instead of the normal convexity.
Thank you

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