General Biology 2 Lesson 1

RECOMBINANT
DN
A
GENETIC
ENGINEERING
• the alteration of an organism’s genotype
using recombinant DNA technology to
modify

• involves the use of molecular techniques to

modify the traits of a target organism
GENETIC
ENGINEERING
• The modification of traits may involve:
 introduction of new traits into
an organism
 enhancement of a present trait by:
• increasing the expression of the
desired gene
• disrupting the inhibition of the
desired genes’ expression.
GMO (short for “genetically modified
organism”) is a plant, animal or microbe
in which one or more changes have been
made to the genome, typically using high-
tech genetic engineering, in an attempt to
alter the characteristics of an organism.
 AGRICULTURE

Cow

Chicken
 GENETIC ENGINEERING
Step 1PROCESS
&2
ISOLATION
• Isolate the source
DNA and the
bacterial plasmid

Step 3 & 4
CUTTING
• Cutting or cleavage
of DNA by
restriction enzymes
 GENETIC ENGINEERING
Step 5PROCESS
&6
LIGATION
• Ligation of the
gene of interest

Step 7
TRANSFORMATIO
N
• Transfer of the
recombinant
plasmid into a host
 GENETIC ENGINEERING
NOT INPROCESS
PICTURE
COLONY SCREENING
• Selection process to
screen which cells
actually contain the
gene of interest
• Sequencing of the
gene to find out the
primary structure of
the protein
 ISOLATION
DNA Extraction
• involve steps to break
open the cell, and then
the use of enzymatic
reactions to destroy all
undesired
macromolecule
 ISOLATION
Bacterial Plasmid
• A plasmid (vector) a
small circular DNA
that replicates
independently
• used to provide a
"vehicle" in which to
insert a desired DNA
fragment
 CUTTIN
G
RE Digestion
• Restriction enzymes
(restriction
endonucleases) are
molecular scissors cut
DNA at specific
locations
• The process involves
incubation of the
purified DNA with
the selected RE, at conditions optimal for that specific
 LIGATION
• process of joining DNA from vector and gene of interest
together using the DNA ligase
• Plasmids with foreign DNA inserted into them are
called recombinant DNA molecule
 TRANSFORMATION
• Recombinant DNA is
introduced into a recipient
host cell.
 Biolistics - plant tissues
 Heat Shock Treatment –
bacteria
 Electroporation –
mammalian cells
TRANSFORMATION
INSULIN PRODUCTION THROUGH RECOMBINANT DNA
TECHNOLOGY
APPLICATION OF RECOMBINANT DNA

Agriculture Genetically Modified crops, microbes, animals

Medicine Vaccine, Growth hormones, Antibodies, Anticancer drugs

Energy Bioethanol, Biogas

Diagnosis Gene therapy, CRISPR, Monitoring devices

 AGRICULTURE

BT Corn Flvr Svr Tomato Golden Rice

 MEDICINE

Human Insulin
Gene Therapy
 INDUSTRY

Oils Chymosin
Definition of Terms:
• DNA - or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in
humans and almost all other organisms.
• Recombinant DNA - molecules of DNA from two different
species that are inserted into a host
organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value
to science, medicine, agriculture, and
industry.
• Plasmids – are small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule
within a cell that is physically separated from
chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
• Genome - an organism's complete set of genetic instructions.