College English (High) A Level

COLLEGE
ENGLISH
2022 Freshmen English Camp
International Language & Culture Center
Outline
1 2 3 4
Identifying Exploring Using Giving an
Topic Rhetorical Graphic informative
Sentences Patterns organizers speech
International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 2

I. IDENTIFYING
TOPIC SENTENCES

A. Warmer
Watch a video about topic sentences (Wilcox, 2017). Complete the sentences below using the
words in the parentheses.
Link for teachers: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wLKtC2FOrk
main idea
1. A topic sentence expresses what the topic and _____________________ of a paragraph are.
(main message / main idea)
topic
2. The _____________________ is what the writer writes about. A main idea is what the writer
tells about the topic. (main idea / topic)
good
3. A _____________________ topic sentence tells the reader what the topic and idea are without
saying “Today I will tell you…” (good / bad)
main idea
4. The formula for a topic sentence: [topic + _____________________ = topic sentence]
(main idea / topic) International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 4
B. Kahoot Game!
Identify topic sentences as you play this game.
Take out your smartphones and go to
https://kahoot.it. Key in Game PIN.
Link for teachers:
https://create.kahoot.it/share/topic-sentence/c
c7e8f5b-a123-431c-9f4e-3308693290e5
(Note: Teachers should open the link first so
students could key in the PIN.)

C. Placement of Topic
Sentences
The widest point of each diagram (the bases of the

triangles) represents the topic sentence of the
paragraph. As details are presented, the topic
becomes narrower and more focused. The topic
can precede the details, it can follow them, it can
both precede and follow them, or the details can
surround the topic. There are surely more
alternatives than those that are presented here, but
this gives you an idea of some of the possible
paragraph structures and possible placements for
the topic sentence of a paragraph.

▪ Consider some of the following examples of different topic
sentence placements in a paragraph from a review essay of
the beloved children’s book, The Cat in the Hat, by Dr.
Seuss. Paragraph structures are labeled according to the
diagrams presented above, and topic sentences are
underlined.

Exercise 1: Read the paragraphs. Then underline the
topic sentences and identify their placement.

Exercise 2: The topic sentence of the paragraphs below has been removed. Read
them carefully and then choose the best topic sentence among the choices in the
box. Write your answer in the space provided.
C. Adventure tourism is a different way for tourists to see New

Zealand.

A. To be successful at university, students need to
learn good time-management skills.

B. Obviously the human heart is a small yet highly efficient
piece of equipment.

D. Quizizz Game!
Review: Identify topic sentences as you
play this game. Take out your
smartphones and go to
joinmyquiz.com. Key in Game PIN.
Link for teachers:
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5f19a45
52d8dda001bbbff9a (Note: Teachers
should open the link first so students
could key in the PIN.)

II. EXPLORING
RHETORICAL
PATTERNS

A. Warmer
Watch a video about rhetorical modes and transitions: Mastering the Fundamentals of College
Reading and Writing (2015).
Link for teachers: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rczbU215UzY&t=53s

patterns
transitions
narration 1. Complete
description
the sentences
below using
Chronological order the words in
definition
the box.
example
process
Compare and
contrast
Cause and effect

Rhetorical Pattern Transition words
Narration o o for example - for instance - such as -

including
Definition o o refers to - is defined as - means 2. Match each

rhetorical
Example o o steps - stages - sequence
pattern to its
Process o o during - while - next - eventually - later - after
common
Comparison o o like - same - similar - both transitions.
Contrast o o because - since - thus - therefore
Cause and Effect o o but - yet - however - on the other hand

B. Kahoot Game!
Identify rhetorical patterns as you play this
game. Take out your smartphones and go
to https://kahoot.it. Key in Game PIN.
Link for teachers:
https://create.kahoot.it/share/duplicate-of-
text-structure-organizational-pattern/75d5
49e0-3eb3-426e-a530-e0d7e39d8caa
(Note: Teachers should open the link first
so students could key in the PIN.)

C. Rhetorical Patterns
The term rhetorical modes refers to the different styles and

techniques we use when we write. This chapter will
discuss different modes, explaining the specific aspects
and techniques involved in these methods of
communication. As you read about these, remember that
the rhetorical mode a writer chooses depends on his/her
purpose for writing. Some assignments ask students to
use a specific rhetorical mode, such as writing a
descriptive passage or contrasting two concepts, but
most essays incorporate several different rhetorical
modes to express an idea. Overall, the rhetorical modes
are a set of tools that allow you different methods to
effectively communicate information to your audience.
Adopted from Kurtz (n.d.)
23
International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp
B

A

E

D

First
Second
Third
Finally
after
Process / Explanation

Despite
in contrast
difference
however
contrast

two kinds
kinds
One type
Another type
These kinds
classification

D. Quizizz Game!
Review: Identify rhetorical patterns as
you play this game. Take out your
smartphones and go to
joinmyquiz.com. Key in Game PIN.
Link for teachers:
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5f1be9c
c0e1236001be56e8c
(Note: Teachers should open the link
first so students could key in the PIN.)

III. USING GRAPHIC
ORGANIZERS

A. Warmer
Watch a video about graphic organizers (Hensley, 2014). Complete the sentences below using the words in
the parentheses.
Link for teachers: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6xsCE4kkb0
1. Graphic organizers are _________ that involve students in active thinking through representation of key
skills such as sequencing, comparing and contrasting, and classifying. (mental maps / image maps)
2. Graphic organizers involve graphics to help students understand _____________ and remember them
longer. (simple ideas / complex ideas)
3. Graphic organizers organize information into chunks for _____________ memory. (easier / complex)
4. Graphic organizers require students to construct responses, which targets _____________ thinking skills
more so than multiple-choice questions. (higher-order / lower-order)


B. Kahoot Game!
Identify graphic organizers as you play this
game. Take out your smartphones and go to
https://kahoot.it. Key in Game PIN.
Link for teachers:
https://create.kahoot.it/share/graphic-organize
rs/
e2a5bfb1-5747-4775-98ce-349f035a8b43
(Note: Teachers should open the link first so
students could key in the PIN.)

Chemical and Physical
Changes
Chemical and Physical

Changes
1. affect state of 1. physical =

matter temporary
2. changes 2. chemical =
3. can change permanent
appearance 3. chemical –
changes into a
new kind of
matter and
physical doesn't

The Best PB & J Ever
Take out ingredients.

Put the bread together.
Spread the peanut butter

on one side of the bread
and the jelly on the other.

Bobby Fisher
Born in Chicago
Forfeited title
Won Championship

Save the Tigers
Write to congress
people
Tigers are vanishing
at an alarming rate.
Donate money

The Great Recession
High-risk people
got credit
Economy went to
shambles
Toxic loans were

sold

Screen Protector
Smooth out any

trapped air bubble.
Apply sticky side of the

screen protector to your
phone's screen.
Remove paper backing
Clean phone surface

Exercise 2
Read each passage and on a separate sheet of paper:
1.Identify the rhetorical pattern.
2.Put information from the passage into a graphic organizer representing the text structure.
Whiplash [effect:
forget moments
before the incident]
Degree of memory
Post-traumatic
Cause: head jury loss = force of the Severe injury
Amnesia
injury [effect: not
remember who
certain people are
or own identity
details]
After 1858 until 1887:
Bourne as an
Three months later:
Until 1857: Bourne as evangelical preacher
Bourne no memory of
a carpenter • Bourne as a candymaker
[A.J. Brown] at his shop in
the previous months
Pennsylvania

Problem: Amnesia
Solution: Food to improve memory:

• Almonds, walnuts, bananas, honey, apples,
black pepper

Amnesia
Real life In movies and TV shows
• (1) caused by stroke, brain infection, • (1) memory loss from a knock to the
brain surgery head = common
• (2) people are not cured so simply • (2) characters are "fixed" by taking
another knock to the head

Treating
anterograde
amnesia
(1) Use
(2) Use (3) Seek
technology to
helpers therapy
help
Parts of the brain (from front to
back)
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain
• Reasoning, • Controls • Processes basic
thinking, reflexes, survival
emotional processes functions
activity sensory
• Memories are information
stored

IV. GIVING AN
INFORMATIVE
SPEECH

Reports, lectures, training seminars, and demonstrations are all examples of informative
speaking. That means you are more likely to give and listen to informative speeches in a
variety of contexts. Some organizations, like consulting firms, and career fields, like
training and development, are solely aimed at conveying information. College alumni
have reported that out of many different speech skills, informative speaking is most
important (Verderber, 1991). Since your exposure to informative speaking is inevitable,
why not learn how to be a better producer and consumer of informative messages?
Speaking to inform is one of the three possible general purposes for public speaking. The
goal of informative speaking is to teach an audience something using objective factual
information.

1. OBJECT
Speeches about objects convey information about any nonhuman

A. Types of material things. Mechanical objects, animals, plants, and fictional
objects are all suitable topics of investigation. Given that this is
informative such a broad category, strive to pick an object that your audience
may not be familiar with or highlight novel relevant and interesting
speeches facts about a familiar object.
2. PEOPLE
Speeches about people focus on real or fictional individuals who are

living or dead. These speeches require in-depth biographical
research; an encyclopedia entry is not sufficient. Introduce a new
person to the audience or share little-known or surprising
information about a person we already know. Although we may
already be familiar with the accomplishments of historical figures
and leaders, audiences often enjoy learning the “personal side” of
their lives.

3. CONCEPTS
Speeches about concepts are less concrete than speeches about
objects or people, as they focus on ideas or notions that may
A. Types of be abstract or multifaceted. A concept can be familiar to us,
like equality, or could literally be a foreign concept like qi
informative (or chi), which is the Chinese conception of the energy that
flows through our bodies. Use the strategies discussed in this
speeches book for making content relevant and proxemic to your
audience to help make abstract concepts more concrete.
4. EVENTS
Speeches about events focus on past occasions or ongoing
occurrences. A particular day in history, an annual
observation, or a seldom occurring event can each serve as
interesting informative topics. As with speeches about
people, it’s important to provide a backstory for the event,
but avoid rehashing commonly known information.

5. PROCESS
Informative speeches about processes provide a step-by-step
account of a procedure or natural occurrence. Speakers may
A. Types of walk an audience through, or demonstrate, a series of actions
that take place to complete a procedure, such as making
informative homemade cheese. Speakers can also present information
about naturally occurring processes like cell division or
speeches fermentation.
6. ISSUES
Last, informative speeches about issues provide objective and
balanced information about a disputed subject or a matter of
concern for society. It is important that speakers view
themselves as objective reporters rather than commentators
to avoid tipping the balance of the speech from informative
to persuasive. Rather than advocating for a particular
position, the speaker should seek to teach or raise the
awareness of the audience.

1. Informing through definition entails defining concepts clearly
and concisely and is an important skill for informative speaking.
There are several ways a speaker can inform through definition:
▪ synonyms and antonyms - a short and effective way to
convey meaning. Synonyms are words that have the same or
similar meanings, and antonyms are words that have
opposite meanings.
▪ use or function - also a short way of defining
▪ example - cited cases that are representative of a larger
concept
▪ etymology - refers to the history of a word. Defining by
etymology entails providing an overview of how a word
came to its current meaning. The Oxford English Dictionary
is the best source for finding etymology and often contains
B. Methods of interesting facts that can be presented as novel information
informing to better engage your audience.

2. Informing through Description
Informing through description entails creating verbal pictures
for your audience. Description is also an important part of
informative speeches that use a spatial organizational
pattern, since you need to convey the layout of a space or
concept. Good descriptions are based on good
observations, as they convey what is taken in through the
senses and answer these type of questions: What did that
look like? Smell like? Sound like? Feel like? Taste like? If
descriptions are vivid and well written, they can actually
invoke a sensory reaction in your audience. Just as your
mouth probably begins to salivate when I suggest that you
B. Methods of imagine biting into a fresh, bright yellow, freshly cut, juicy
informing lemon wedge, so can your audience be transported to a
setting or situation through your descriptions.

3. Informing through Demonstration
When informing through demonstration, a speaker gives
verbal directions about how to do something while also
physically demonstrating the steps. Whether
straightforward or complex, it’s crucial that a speaker be
familiar with the content of their speech and the physical
steps necessary for the demonstration. Television chefs are
excellent examples of speakers who frequently inform
through demonstration. While many of them make the
process of speaking while cooking look effortless, it took
much practice over many years to make viewers think it is
B. Methods of effortless.
informing

4. Informing through Explanation
Informing through explanation entails sharing how
something works, how something came to be, or why
something happened. This method of informing may be
useful when a topic is too complex or abstract to
demonstrate. When presenting complex information make
sure to break the topic up into manageable units, avoid
information overload, and include examples that make the
content relevant to the audience. Informing through
explanation works well with speeches about processes,
events, and issues. For example, a speaker could explain
B. Methods of the context surrounding the Lincoln-Douglas debates or the
informing process that takes place during presidential primaries.

C. Preparing an
informative speech
Step 1: Determine the general purpose
Speak to inform - teach our audience using factual objective
evidence
Speak to persuade - try to influence an audience’s beliefs, attitudes,
values, or behavior
Speak to entertain - amuse our audience
*General purpose of your speech will be to inform, to persuade, or to
entertain.
Step 1: Determine the general
purpose

Step 2: Choose your informative speech type

Step 3: Narrow
down your topic
The first step in choosing a topic

is brainstorming. Brainstorming
involves generating many
potential topic ideas in a fast-
paced and nonjudgmental
manner.

Step 4: Formulate your specific purpose statement
Your specific purpose is a one-sentence statement that includes the objective you want to accomplish in your
speech. You do not speak aloud your specific purpose during your speech; you use it to guide your
researching, organizing, and writing. A good specific purpose statement is audience centered, agrees with
the general purpose, addresses one main idea, and is realistic.
Example 1:
Ineffective: Calendars
More effective: To inform my audience about the four major kinds of calendars used in the world today.
Example 2:
Ineffective: What is Día de los muertos?
More effective: To inform my audience about the history of Mexico’s Did de los Muertos celebration.
Adopted from University of Minnesota Libraries (2016b)

Step 5: Draft your thesis statement
Your thesis statement is a one-sentence summary of the central idea of your speech
that you either explain or defend.
The thesis statement is different from the specific purpose in two main ways.
1. The thesis statement is content centered, while the specific purpose statement is
audience centered.
2. The thesis statement is incorporated into the spoken portion of your speech, while
the specific purpose serves as a guide for your research and writing and an
objective that you can measure.
A good thesis statement is declarative, agrees with the general and specific purposes,
and focuses and narrows your topic. Although you will likely end up revising and
refining your thesis as you research and write, it is good to draft a thesis statement
soon after drafting a specific purpose to help guide your progress.
As with the specific purpose statement, your thesis helps ensure that your research,
organizing, and writing are focused so you don’t end up wasting time with
irrelevant materials.
C.
Preparing
an
informative
speech
Example 1:
Specific Purpose: To inform my

audience about some of the major
uses of hypnosis.
Central Idea: Three major uses of
hypnosis today are to control pain in
surgery, to help people stop smoking,
and to help students improve their
academic performance.
Main Points:
I. Hypnosis is used in surgery as an

adjunct to chemical anesthesia.
II. Hypnosis is used to help people stop

smoking.
III. Hypnosis is used to help students

improve their academic performance.
INFORMATIVE SPEECH OUTLINE FORMAT
Student’s Name:
Date:
Topic:
General Purpose:
Specific Purpose:
II. Body
I. Introduction III. Conclusion
Attention Getter:
A.
A. Review of Main Points:
Reason to Listen: 1. Restate
Thesis Statement / Central Transition: 2. Restate
Idea: B. 3. Restate
Credibility Statement: B. Restate Thesis:
Preview of Main Points: C. Closure:
Transition:
References:
C.

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COLLEGE

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 2

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 3

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 5

The widest point of each diagram (the bases of the

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 6

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 7

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 11

C. Adventure tourism is a different way for tourists to see New

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 14

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 15

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 16

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 17

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 18

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 19

Cause and effect

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 20

Narration o o for example - for instance - such as -

Definition o o refers to - is defined as - means 2. Match each

Cause and Effect o o but - yet - however - on the other hand

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 21

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 22

The term rhetorical modes refers to the different styles and

Adopted from Kurtz (n.d.)

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 52

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 53

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 54

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 55

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 56

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 57

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 58

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 59

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 60

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 61

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 62

Chemical and Physical

1. affect state of 1. physical =

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 74

Take out ingredients.

Spread the peanut butter

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 75

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 76

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 77

Toxic loans were

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 78

Smooth out any

Apply sticky side of the

Remove paper backing

Clean phone surface

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 79

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 81

Solution: Food to improve memory:

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 82

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 83

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 85

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 86

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 87

Speeches about objects convey information about any nonhuman

Speeches about people focus on real or fictional individuals who are

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 88

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 89

International Language & Culture Center • 2022 Freshmen English Camp 90