CIVICS

Reema
Ethnic Composition of Belgium:

(i) 59 per cent speak Dutch and live in Flemish

region.
(ii) 40 per cent speak French and live in Wallonia
region.
(iii) 1per cent speak German.
(iv) In Brussels, the Dutch-speaking people were in
minority in comparison to the French.
(v) The French were comparatively rich; had the
benefits of education and economic development,
which Dutch got later on.
Ethnic Composition of Sri Lanka:

(i) 74 per cent are Sinhala-speakers.

(ii) 18 per cent are Tamil-speakers.
(iii) Tamils are subdivided into Sri Lankan Tamils
and Indian Tamils.
3. Principle of Majoritarianism followed in Sri Lanka:

(i) According to the Act of 1956, Sinhala was

recognised as the official language.
(ii) Preference to Sinhala community for government
jobs and university positions.
(iii) Buddhism declared as the official religion of the
state.
4. Effects of the Policy of Majoritarianism :

(i) Feeling of alienation among Tamils.

(ii) Demand for formation of Tamil Eelam (state) in
northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.
(iii) Led to the beginning of civil war, resulting in
deaths and destruction.
5. Principle of Power-Sharing in Belgium:

(i) Equal number of Dutch and French-speaking

ministers in the central government.
(ii) The State Governments are not subordinate to
the Central Government.
(iii) Separate government for Brussels, in which
both the communities have equal representation.
(iv) Creation of Community Government, which is
elected by people belonging to Dutch, French and
German-speaking communities.
6. Reasons for Power-Sharing:

(i) Prudential Reasons:

(a) Reduction in the possibility of conflict between
social groups.

(ii) Moral Reasons:

(a) Power-Sharing is the spirit of democracy.
(b) Ensures the participation of the citizens of the
country.
7. Forms of Power-Sharing:

(i) Horizontal distribution of power:

(a) Power is shared among legislature, executive

and judiciary at the same level.

(b) Ensures equal distribution of power

(c) Through the system of checks and balances,

balance of power is maintained.
(ii) Vertical distribution of power:

(a) Distribution of power between the centre and the

states.

(b) Powers at the different levels of government are

defined by the constitution.

(c) Further decentralisation of power by organising

government at the village level such as Panchayats.
(iii) Division of power among various social groups:

(a) Special powers given to weaker sections of the

society.

(b) In India reserved constituencies have been

granted in state and national elections.

(c) By granting special concessions to religious and

linguistic groups, feeling of alienation can be
prevented.
(iv) Power-Sharing among political parties, pressure
groups and movements:
(a) Power-Sharing among political parties,
representing different social groups.
(b) Through elections, political parties prevent
concentration of power in one hand.
(c) Power-Sharing by political parties through
Alliance system or Coalition.
(d) Interest groups also share power through
participation in governmental committees or
influencing the decisions of the government.
 Most Repeated Questions
Q.1 Why power sharing is desirable?
Q.2 different forms of power sharing.
Q.3 Accommodation in Belgium.
Q.4 Principles of Majoriatarianism.
Federalism
Federalism:
(a) It has two levels of government.

(b) The government for the entire country is

responsible for subjects of common national
interests

(c) The state government looks after the

administration of the state.

(d) Both sets of governments enjoy powers

independent of each other.
2. Unitary form of Government:

(a) There is one level of government.

(b) The sub-units are subordinate to the Central

Government.
3. Features of Federalism:

(a) Two or more levels of government.

(b) Each tier of government has its own legal

authority.

(c) Each tier of government is guaranteed authority

by the constitution.

(d) The provisions of the constitution can be

changed only with the consent of both the levels of
government.
(e) The courts have the authority to decide the
disputes between the two levels of government.

(f) Both levels of government enjoy financial

autonomy.

(g) The government promotes unity of the country

and accommodates regional diversity.
Process of the Formation of Federal Government:
(a) Coming together federation

(i) Independent states come together.

(ii) They pool up their sovereignty, but retain their

identity.

(iii) Powers are equally divided between centre and

the states.

(iv) Examples USA, Switzerland, Australia.

(b) Holding together federation

(i) Division of power by a large country.

(ii) The powers are divided between the states and

national government.

(iii) Central Government is more powerful.

(iv) Examples India, Spain, Belgium.

5. Features of Indian Federal System:

(a) Division of Legislative Powers between the Union

Government and State Government in three types of
lists.

(1) Union List:

(i) Subjects of national importance.
(ii) Making of laws on these subjects by Union
Government only.
(iii) Examples - Defense, Foreign affairs, Currency.
(2) State List:

(i) Subjects of State and local importance.

(ii) Making of laws on these subjects restricted to

the state government alone.

(iii) Examples - Trade and commerce, Police,

Agriculture, Irrigation.
(3) Concurrent List:

(i) Subjects of common interest.

(ii) Making of laws on the subjects by both sets of

government.

(iii) Examples - Education, Marriage, Adoption.

(iv) Incase of conflict, the laws made by the Union

Government will be introduced.
(b) Amendments to the Constitution:

(i) To be ratified by both the Houses of Parliament by

two-third majority each.

(ii) To be also ratified by the legislatures of at least

half of the total states.
(c) Role of Judiciary:

(i) In case of disputes between the centre and the

states, judiciary plays an important role.

(ii) The High Courts and Supreme Court play an

important role.
(d) Allocation of resources: Both the sets of
government have the authority to raise resources by
levying taxes.

(e) Supremacy of the Constitution: Both the sets of

government have to abide by the constitution.
(1) Centre is more powerful:
(i) Residuary powers are granted to the Centre.
(ii) The Central Government has the authority to
administer the Union Territories.
6. How is Federalism Practised in India:

(a) Creation of States:

(i) Some states were created after Independence on

the basis of language.

(ii) But states like Nagaland, Jharkhand and

Uttarakhand were created on the basis of culture,
ethnicity or geography.
(b) Language policy:

(i) Promotion of Hindi as the official language.

(ii) Recognition of 22 languages as Scheduled

Languages by the Indian Constitution.

(iii) Use of English along with Hindi for official

purposes.
(c) Centre-State relations:
(i) Before 1990, domination by one National Party in
Indian politics prevented the stated government
from exercising authority, provided in the
constitution.
(ii) After 1990, with rise of regional political parties,
there was formation of coalition government at the
Centre.
(iii) This led to the beginning of power-sharing era
between the Centre and States.
(iv) Supreme Court judgement prevented Centre
from dismissing state government in an arbitrary
manner.
7. Decentralisation in India:
(a) Reasons:

(i) Large and diverse States in India.

(ii) Local people more equipped in resolving local

issues.

(iii) Encourages democratic participation by the

people.
b) Policy of decentralisation before 1992:

(i) Setting up of Panchayats in villages and

municipalities in urban areas.

(ii) These organisations were controlled by States.

(iii) No regular elections were conducted.

(iv) No allocation of resources or power to the local

government.
(c) Policy of decentralisation after 1992:
(i) To hold regular elections to local bodies.

(ii) Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes,

Tribes and Other Backward Classes.

(iii) Reservation of one-third of seats for women.

(iv) Setting up of independent State Election

Commission to conduct elections.

(v) Sharing of power and revenues between States

and local governments.
8. Main Features of Panchayat Raj:
(a) Gram Sabha :

(i) All the adult voters of a village are members.

(ii) Approves the annual budget of Gram Panchayat.

(iii) Elects Gram Panchayat.

(iv) Review the performance of Gram Panchayat.

(b) Gram Panchayat:
(i) It consists of ward members and sarpanch.
(ii) It is supervised by gram panchayat.

(c) Panchayat Samiti:

(i) Formed at block level.
(ii) Gram panchayats at block level are grouped
together.
(iii) The members are elected by gram panchayats.
(d) Zilla Parishad:
(i) Formed at district level.
(ii) Panchayat Samitis in a district level are grouped
together.
(iii) Members of the Lok Sabha, and MLA's of that
district are also its members.

9. Local Government bodies in Urban Areas:

(a) Municipalities in towns and has a chairman and
elected representatives of the people.
(b) Municipal corporations in cities and has a Mayor
and elected representatives of the people.
10. Assessment of the Working of Local bodies:
(a) Strengths:
(i) Has deepened democracy in India.
(ii) Has increased the participation of Indian women.

(b) Lapses:
(i) Meetings of Gram Sabha are not held regularly.
(ii) Resources and powers have not been transferred
to local governments by state governments
 Most Repeated Questions
Q.1 Explain the key features of federalism.
Q.2 Differentiate between:
a) Coming together and holding together federation.
b) Federal and unitary government.
Q.3 what steps were taken in 1992?
Q.4 Three tests to federalism.
Q.5 Is India a federal country?
Gender, Religion and caste
Gender division:

(i) It is hierarchical social division.

(ii) It is considered natural and unchangeable.

(iii) It is not biological but based on stereotypes

2. Sexual division of labour:

(i) A system in which the work at home is done by

women and work outside home is done by men.

(ii) It implied minimal role in politics for women.

(iii) Organisation of movements by women for equal

rights.

(iv) Beginning of Feminist Movement, which aimed

at equality in personal and family life for women.
3. Position of women in Indian society:
(i) Low literacy rate among women; 54% women are
literate in comparison to 76% men.
(ii) Low proportion of women in highly paid jobs.
(iii) Unequal wages for women despite the
implementation of Equal Remuneration Act of 1976.
(iv) Decline in girl child ratio due to preference for
male child.
(v) Increasing harassment, exploitation and violence
against women.
4. Political representation of women in India:
(i) In Lok Sabha the representation is merely 12%
and in State assemblies, it is 5%.

(ii) A bill demanding one third of seats in Lok Sabha

and State Assemblies for women has been pending
for more than a decade.

(ii) Granting of one third seats to women in local

government bodies.
5. Social differences based on religious differences:
(i) Gandhiji believed that politics to be guided by the
ethics of religion.

(ii) Victimisation of minorities in the communal riots.

(iii) Discrimination against women by all religions.

6. Communalism:
(i) Identity of the community is based solely on
religion.

(ii) The demands of the religious community are

formed in opposition to another.

(iii) Use of state power to establish domination of

one religious group over other.

(iv) Communal politics replace democratic politics.

7. Forms of communalism in politics:
(i) Development of religious prejudices, stereotypes
and belief in the superiority of one's religion
(ii) Efforts by the majority religious community to
dominate politics and religious minority on form a
separate nation.
(iii) Political mobilisation on religious grounds by
use of sacred symbols, emotional appeal, or fear
(iv) Outbreak of violence, riots, and massacre. For
example, Indo Pakistan violent clashes during
Partition of India.
8. India as a secular state:

(i) No official religion of India.

(ii) Grant of freedom by the Indian Constitution to

profess, practice and propagate any religion to all
communities.

(iii) Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of

religion.

(iv) Intervention by the Indian State to ensure

religious equality.
9. Features of caste system in India:
(i) Hereditary occupational structure of the society.

(ii) Inter caste marriage and inter dinning within the

community.

(iii) Practice of discrimination against the outcaste

groups in the form of untouchability.

(iv) Efforts by social reformers like Jotiba Phule,

Gandhiji to establish casteless society.
10. Reasons for the changes in the caste structure
in India:
(i) Urbanisation.
(ii) Growth of literacy.
(iii) Occupational mobility.
(iv) Weakening of the position of zamindars in the
villages.
(2) Prohibition of caste based discrimination by the
Constitution.

11. Indicators of the continuation of caste system in

modern India:
(i) Continuance of marriages within the caste.
Practice of untouchability in some segments of the
society.
(ii) Existence of upper caste in the urban areas.
12. Caste in politics:

(i) Selection of candidates on the basis of caste

composition of electorates.

(ii) Appeals by the political parties on caste lines to

gain votes.

(iii) Mobilisation of all caste groups by the political

parties due to the principle of universal adult
franchise.
13. Declining influence of caste in Indian elections:

(i) Absence of caste based clear majority in any of

the constituencies of the country.

(ii) Absence of absolute victory of a party in

elections on the basis of caste.

(iii) Nomination of candidates from the same caste.

(iv) Loosing of seats by the members of ruling party

in an election.
14. Factors determining electoral politics:

(i) Stronger attachment to political parties than caste

loyalties.

(ii) Determination of voting patterns on economic

basis rather on caste.

(iii) Determination of casting votes by the people on

the basis of popularity of the candidates
15. Politics in caste:

(i) Inclusion of sub castes by the caste groups.

(ii) Coalition by various caste groups.

(iii) Emergence of forward and backward caste

groups
 Most Repeated Questions
Q.1 “Women still lag much behind than men in India despite
some improvements since independence” Ananlyse.
Q.2 How can caste takes several forms in politics.
Q.3 what is communalism? Explain its various forms.
Q.4 How is caste politicised?
Q.5 “Secularism is not an ideology of some political parties
or person, but it is one of the foundations of our country.”
Explain.
Q.6 Caste has still not disappeared from the contemporary
India. Explain.
Political Parties
1. Meaning of political party:

(a) Group of people, who contest elections for

forming the government.

(b) Formulation of policies and programmes for the

collective good of the society.

(c) Implementation of these policies by winning

popular support through elections.

(d) Parties involve partisanship.

2. Components of a political party:

(a) Leaders

(b) Active members

(c) Followers
3. Functions of political party:

(a) Parties choose candidates who contest elections

on behalf of their respective parties.
(b) Parties formulate policies and programmes,
which become the guidelines for the government, if
voted to power.
(c) Parties play an important role in formulation of
the laws for the country, since most of the members
belong to the majority party in the parliament.
(d) Parties form and run government.
(e) As an opposition party, it keeps a vigilant check
on the policies of the ruling party.

(f) Parties shape public opinion by launching

movements for providing solution to the
problems,faced by the people.

(g) Parties respond to the needs and demands of the

people by providing access to government
machinery and welfare scheme
4. Role of political parties in a representative
democracy:
(a) In a large society, political parties gather views of
the people and present them to the government

(b) Political parties help in formulation of

responsible government

(c) A political party supports or checks the

government, helps in the formulation of policies and
provides its support for the policies or opposes
them.
5. Classification of parties on the basis of numerals:
(a) One party system

(i) No free competition for power

(ii) In China there is one party system

(iii) Not reflective of democratic principles

(b) Two party system
(i) Only two major parties contest elections and
either of them form government
(ii) USA and United Kingdom have two party
systems

(c) Multi party system

(i) Several parties compete for power and more than
two parties have the potential to come to power
(ii) India has a multi party system
6. Difference between Coalition and Alliance:

(a) In a coalition several parties come together to

form the government

(b) In an Alliance several parties join hands together

to contest elections
7. Factors determining the adoption of type of party
system by a country:

(a) Nature of society

(b) Social and regional divisions

(c) History of politics and system of elections

(d) India owes its multi party system to its social and
geographical diversity
8. Features of National parties:
(a) These are countrywide parties with units in
various states

(b) It has to secure at least six per cent of the total

votes in the Lok Sabha elections or Assembly
elections in four states and wins at least four seats
in Lok Sabha

(c) In 2018 there were seven recognised National

parties such as Bhartiya Janata Party, Indian
National Congress etc.
9. Features of State Parties:

(a) These are regional parties

(b) They need to secure at least six per cent of the

total votes in a Legislative Assembly election of a
state and two seats

(c) In Punjab Shiromani Akali Dal: in Delhi Aam Admi

Party are some examples
10. Political Parties of India:
Name of the Name of the Symbol Ideologies Performance
party Leader in 2019
All India Mamta Secularism It Won 22 seat
Trinamool Banerjee Federalism and became the
Congress fourth largest
party

Bahujan Kanshi Ram 1. To secure power It Win 10 seats

Samaj Party for Dalits, OBCs
and religious
minorities.
2. Inspired by the
Sahu Maharaj,
Mahatma Phule

Bhartiya Revived Jan Sangh, 1. Inspired by .Emerged as the

Janta Party which had been
founded by Shyama
Prasad Mukherjee
humanism and largest party with
Antyodaya 303 member in
2. Believes in Hindutva the parliament
3. Uniform civil code for
all people of India
 Name of the Name of the Symbol Ideologies Performa
party Leader nce in
2019
Communist Party Formed in 1923, 1. Believes in Marxism-Leninism It won 2
of India Major split in 1964 and secularism seats
2. Supporter of parliamentary
democracy

Communist Party Founded in 1964 1. Believes in Marxism-Leninism It won 3

of India 2. Supports socialism, democracy seats
Marxist 3. Opposes imperialism and
communalism
4. Critical of new economic policies

Indian National Founded in 1885 1. Believes in the establishment of .it won 52

Congress modern secular democratic seats
republic
2. It is a centrist party
3. Believes in secularism, welfare
of weaker sections

National Congress Formed in 1999 Believes in democracy, .It won 5

Party secularism, social justice and seats
federalism
11. Challenges to political parties:
(a) Lack of internal democracy

(i) Concentration of power in the hands of party

leaders

(ii) No maintenance of membership registers: no

conduction of regular elections and meetings

(iii) Insufficient information available to ordinary

members
(b) Dynastic succession
(1) Policies of favouritism towards members close to
them
(ii) Manipulation of top positions by the members of
one family

(c) Role of money and muscle power

(i) Nominate members for elections with ample of
funds
(ii) Influence of rich people in policy making who
finance the elections
(iii) Support to criminals by the parties
(d) No meaningful choice for the voters

(i) Decline in ideological differences among parties

(ii) Members keep changing their party loyalties and

thus limited choice with the voters
12. Steps to reform the Political parties:
(i) Steps taken by the authorities

(a) Amendment in constitution to prevent defection

(b) Mandatory for the contestants to file an affidavit

for disclosing their assets and pending criminal
cases against them.

(c) Compulsion for the parties to hold party

elections as per the instructions given by election
commission.
(ii) Suggestions to improve the working of the
political parties
(a) Parties to maintain registers, to hold regular
elections and to follow its own constitution.
(b) Mandatory to give one third tickets to women
candidates.
(c) State funding of the elections to enable parties to
support their election expenses
(iii) Role of people

(a) Pressure groups, Movements and media can play

significant role in reforming the political parties.

(b) System of better politics through public

participation
 Most Repeated Questions
Q.1 Explain the functions of political parties.
Q.2 How political parties can be reformed?
Q.3 What major challenges are faced by political parties?
Q.4 Differentiate between state and regional parties.
Outcomes of
Democracy
1. Democracy is better form of government:

(i) Promotes equality among citizens.

(ii) Improves quality of decision-making.

(iii) Increases dignity of individual.

(iv) Provides scope for correction of mistakes.

2. Methodology of practicing democracy by various
countries:
(i) Conduction of elections.

(ii) Formation of political parties.

(iii) Granting of rights to the citizens.

(iv) Setting up of formal constitutions.

3. Steps to achieve the best outcomes from
democracy:

(i) To understand that democracy is just a form of

government.

(ii) It can create conditions, which the citizens have

to make best use of.
4. Democratic government is efficient:

(i) Non-democratic government is more efficient. It

can take quick decisions as it does not have to deal
with discussions and deliberations.

(ii) Democratic government follows procedures.

Thus its decision may be delayed but will be
acceptable to the people and thus more effective.
5. Democratic government is transparent:

(i) Decision-making based on procedures.

(ii) Thus the citizens can find out the process of

decision-making.
6. Democratic government is accountable:

(i) Democratic government follows procedures, such

as holding regular free and fair elections, debates
etc.

(ii) If it deviates from the procedures, the citizens

have the right to question the government.
7 . Democratic government is not attentive to the
needs of the people:

(i) It ignores the demands of the majority.

(ii) It also resorts to corrupt activities.

(iii) The citizens have the right to vote out a

government, if it does not follow procedures.
8. Democratic government is a legitimate
government:

(i) It is people's own government.

(ii) Popular support for democratic government in

both democratic and nondemocratic countries.

(iii) Democracy is able to generate support for itself

9. Democracy and economic development:

(i) Democracy does not guarantee economic

development.

(ii) Dictatorship has contributed more to economic

development in comparison to democracy.

(iii) However economic development depends on the

population size, global situation and economic
priorities of the country.
10. Democracy and eradication of economic
inequalities and poverty:

(i) Democracy ensures political equality but not

economic equality.

(ii) There is concentration of wealth in the hands of

few rich people.

(iii) The democratically elected governments do not

take enough steps to eradicate poverty.
11. Democracy and social diversity:
(i) Democracy evolves mechanisms to negotiate
social differences.

(ii) It is able to handle social differences, divisions

and conflicts.

(iii) In a democratic set up majority and minorities

work together.

(iv) Democratic government is accommodative as

every citizen gets a chance to come into majority
and form government.
12. Democracy ensures dignity and freedom to the
citizens:
(a) Dignity of women

(i) Democratic societies recognise the principle of

equal treatment to women.

(ii) This makes it easier for women to continue

struggle for equal treatment.
(b) Caste inequalities

(i) Democracy also provides equal opportunities and

status to lower castes or socially deprived sections
of the society.

(ii) In democratic societies, social inequalities have

lost moral and legal foundations.
13. In nutshell:
In democracy, people's expectations keep on
growing. This is reflective of people's capacity to
assess the performance of the government and thus
people transform themselves into vigilant citizens,
which makes the outcomes of Democracy more
positive.
Most Repeated Questions
Most Repeated Questions
 ECONOMICS

Reema
DEVELOPMENT
1.Definitions:

(i)Per capita income: Total income of the country divided by its total
population

(ii) Infant Mortality Rate: The number of children that die before the
age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that
particular year

(iii) Literacy rate: The proportion of literate population in the 7 and

above age group
(iv) Net attendance ratio: It is the total number of children of age
group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total
number of children in the same age group

(v) Body mass index: Divide the weight in kg by the square of the
height

(vi) Life expectancy at birth: Average expected length of life of a

person at the time of birth
2. Different people have different developmental goals and the goals
may be conflicting too

3. People want more income to get material goods

4. Quality of life depends not only on material things but also

nonmaterial things such as equal treatment, freedom, security,
respect

5. Thus people have different types of goals to lead a quality of life

6. Similarly different people can have different and conflicting

notions of development for the country
7. Methods to study the comparative development of various countries

(i) National Income

(a)Total income of the country is considered as one of the criterions for

comparing the development of the countries
(b) But countries have varying population and this cannot determine the
earnings of average person

(ii) Per capita income

(b)The total income of the country divided by the total population

(b) But this criterion does not tell us how this income is distributed
among people
8. Method used by World Bank for comparative study of the
development of countries

(i)The World Development Reports have used the criterion of per

capita income and have classified the countries accordingly

(a)Rich countries: Per capita income of US $ 12056 per annum

and above334
(b) Low income countries: Per capita income of US $ 955 per
annum and below.

(ii) India has been positioned as low middle income country with
per capita income of US $ 1820 per annum.
9. Comparative study of Indian states on the basis of Per capita
income, literacy rate, infant mortality and net attendance ratio

(i) Over all, the people in Kerala are more developed as they have
low infant mortality, high literacy rate and the net attendance
ratio of children attending school in the age group of 14 and 15
years is high

(ii) Kerala may have low per capita income in comparison to

Haryana but stands out in the other criterions

(iii) Kerala has been able to provide basic health and educational
facilities
10. Method used by UNDP to assess the development of countries of the
world. According to the Human Development Report following criterion
has been used.

(i)Per capita income to be calculated in dollars

(ii) Life expectancy at birth
(iii) Mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above
(iv) On these criterions, ranking given to the countries, known as Human
Development Index

11. Sustainability of Development: It is development that meets the needs

of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
 Most Repeated Questions
Q.1 What may be development form one may not be
development for other. Explain.

Q.2 Why do people look at mix goals for development?

Explain.

Q.3 Why is the issue of sustainable development important

for development?
 Most Repeated Questions
Q.4 “Crude oil reserves are limited all over the world. If people continue
to extract it at the present rate at the reserves would last only 35-40
years. Explain 3 ways to solve this problem.

Q.5 What is the main criterion used by the world bank in classifying
different countries. Write its limitations.

Q.6 “ National development of a country depends on the availability of

public facilities.” how?

Q.7 What does HDI stands for? Explain the main criterion and meaning
of HDI by UNDP?
SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
1.Definitions:
(i)Gross domestic product:
The sum of value of final goods and services produced in
each sector in a particular year within a country

(ii) Intermediate goods:

These are those goods, which help in production of final
goods and services
(iii) Underemployment:
When people are made to work less than their potential

(iv) Disguised unemployment

(a)It is a kind of unemployment in which there are people

who seem to be employed but are actually unemployed
(b) More people are employed in area than required
2. Classification of economic activities into three sectors:

(1)Primary sector
(a) This sector forms the basis for further production of all goods
(b) Production of goods takes place by exploitation of natural resources
(c) It is also known as agriculture sector
(d) Examples are agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry

(2) Secondary Sector

(a)It is the next step after primary
(b) Natural products are converted into other forms through the process of
manufacturing
(c) It is also known as industrial sector
(d) Examples are sugar cane converted into sugar, cotton fiber converted into cloth
(3) Tertiary sector

(a)Helps in the development of primary and secondary sector

(b) Production of goods does not take place but lend support
for the production process
(c) This sector generates services rather than goods and is also
called as service sector
(d) Examples are transport, communication, banking, trade,
teachers, doctors, internet cafe, ATM booths etc.
3. Historical changes in the sectors:
(1) First stage:
Mainly production and employment in the primary sector:

(2) Second stage:

(a) With in a span of 100 years new methods of manufacturing were

introduced
(b) Thus there was shift to consumption of factory produced goods and
more employment in secondary sector
(3) Third stage:

(a) In the next 100 years there has been a shift from secondary to tertiary
sector in developed countries
(b) Significant rise in total production and employment in tertiary sector
4. Reasons for the rising importance of tertiary sector:

(i)Provision of basic services such as hospitals, educational

institutions, police stations etc. is the primary responsibility of the
government in developing countries
(ii) Rising importance of Tertiary sector due to the increase pace of
development in agriculture and industrial sectors
(iii) With the rising level of incomes of certain sections of the society
there has been increase in the demand for more services such as
tourism, shopping, private schools
(iv) Rise in production of services based on information and
technology
5. Reasons for partial growth of tertiary sector in India:

(i)Availability of limited number of services for employment of

skilled and educated workers
(ii) Employment of maximum number of people in small
organisation as limited availability of alternative opportunities
of employment
6. Underemployment in various sectors:354

(i) Agriculture sector

(ii) Service sector in urban areas Painters, plumbers, street vendors
7. How to create more employment:

(1)Employment generation by government through public work such as

construction of dams, making of better rural roads etc.

(ii) Extension of cheap agricultural credit to the farmers

(iii) Promotion and location of industries and services in semi rural areas
such as setting up a dal mill
(iv) Improvement in education and health sectors can ensure generation of
more employment opportunities for teachers/doctors and other staff
(v) Promotion of regional tourism and craft industry or IT industry
(vi) MGNREGA 2005

(a)Implementation of Right to work in 625 districts of India

(b) Guarantee of 100 days of employment in a year
(c) Granting of unemployment allowance to the people
8. Division of sectors on the basis of employment:

(i)Organised sector

(a)Regular terms of employment

(b) To abide by the laws such as Factories Act, Minimum
Wages Act, Shops and Establishment Act etc.
(c) Security of employment
(d) Working hours are fixed
(e) Provision of additional benefits such as paid leave,
provident fund, gratuity, medical facilities etc.
ii) Unorganised sector

(a)Outside the control of government

(b) Rules and regulations are not followed

(c) Low paid jobs
(d) No Provision of additional benefits
(e) No security of job
9. Reasons for the employment of people in
unorganised sector:

(i)Slow expansion of employment opportunities in

organised sector
(ii) Working of organised sector enterprises in an
unorganised sectors to evade taxes
(iii) Loss of jobs in organised sectors
10. Workers in organized sector:

(i)Rural areas
(a)Landless agricultural labourers
(b) Marginal factor
(c) Weavers and artisans
(d) Share croppers

(ii) Urban areas

(a)Workers in small scale industry
(b) Casual workers
(c) Street vendors, garment makers
11. Division of sectors on the basis of ownership:
(i)Private sector
(a)Main motive is to earn profits
(b) Ownership of assets and delivery of services is in private
hands
(c) Examples Tata Iron and Steel Company, Reliance Industries

(ii) Public sector

(b)Motive is not only to earn money but also to do social service
(b) Ownership of assets and delivery of services is done by the
government
(c) Examples; Railways, Post Office
12. Reasons for making huge investments by the government:
(i) Makes investment in those areas, where private sector is reluctant
to invest its money due to lack of profits or delay in making gains

(ii) It is obligatory for government to make investment in certain

areas

(a)Provision of electricity to smaller units at nominal rates

(b) Provision of Minimum support price for wheat and rice to
farmers
(c) Provision of education and health facilities
(d) Provision of minimum facilities like drinking water, housing
facilities to the deprived sections of the society
 Most Repeated Questions
Q.1 Why is the tertiary sector becoming so important?

Q.2 Why there is a need to protect workers in an

unorganized sector.

Q.3 Differentiate between

1. Organised and unorganized sector.
2. Public and Private sector.

Q.4 How employment can be generated in Urban/Rural

areas?
MONEY AND CREDIT
1.Uses of Money:

(i) Transactions of goods and services

(ii) Eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants
2. Barter system:

(i)Goods are exchanged without the use of money

(ii) Need for double coincidence of wants so that what

one wants to sell, the other wishes to buy
3. Characteristics of modern currency:

(i)Includes paper notes and coins

(ii) Is not made of precious metals

(iii) Does not have use of its own

4. Reasons for the acceptance of modern currency as a
medium of exchange:

(i)Reserve Bank of India is the sole issuing authority

(ii) Authorised by the Indian law as the sole medium of

exchange
5. Deposits in the banks:

(i) People deposit extra cash in the bank by opening an

account in their name
(ii) This ensures security of their money and they earn
interest on the deposit
(iii) These deposits are demand deposits as money can be
withdrawn as per the requirement
( iv) The payment through a cheque can also be made
6. Functions of a bank:

(i) Banks provide the facility of depositing extra

cash
(ii) Banks in India hold 15% of their deposits as
cash
(iii) Banks extend loans to the people and charge
higher rate of interests on them
7. Functions of Reserve Bank Of India:

(i) Monitors banks across the country in maintenance of

cash balances
(ii) Ensures that bank extend loans to small enterprises
too
(iii) Accepts the reports submitted by the banks of their
performances
8. Credit:
(i) Credit is an agreement in which the lender supplies the
borrower with money, goods or services in return for the
promise of future payment
(ii) Credit can play a positive role, when it enables the
borrower to increase his earnings
(iii) Credit can play a negative role, when it gets the borrower
into debt trap
9. Terms of credit:

(i)Interest rates
(ⅱ) Collateral: It is an asset, which the borrower uses
as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is paid
(iii) Documentation
(iv) Mode of repayment
10. Sources of credit:
(i)Formal sources of credit

(a)Banks and cooperatives

(b) Lower rate of interest leading to greater
opportunities for individuals, leading to prosperity of
the country
ii) Informal sources of credit

(a)Money lenders, traders, relative and friends

(b) High rate of interest resulting in debt trap
(c) No supervision of their credit activities
(d) Use of unfair means to get their money back
11. Pattern of loan activities in India:

(i)Formal sector meets only partially credit needs of

rural areas
(ii) Need to expand formal sources of credit to rural
areas
(iii) There should be more accessibility of formal
sources of credit for rural poor of India
12. Self-Help Groups:

(i)15 to 20 members
(ii) Saving of the member between 25 to 100
(iii) Due to regular savings, becomes eligible for taking loan
from the bank
(iv) Responsibility of the repayment of the loan is borne by
the group
(v) Women become self reliant and also get an opportunity
to discuss issues like health, nutrition, domestic violence etc.
 Most Repeated Questions
Q.1 How do banks mediate between those who have
surplus cash and those who need money?
Q.2 Functions of RBI?
Q.3 Positive/negative role of credit.
Q.4 Differentiate between formal and informa sector of
credit.
Q.5 Role of SHGs.
Q.6 Terms of credit.
GLOBALISATION AND THE
INDIAN ECONOMY
1. Globalisation:

(a)It is the process of rapid integration of production and

markets between countries.
(b) There is movement of goods, services, technology and
people between countries.
Factors which led to globalisation
2. Role of technology:

(i) Transportation technology has been instrumental in faster delivery

of goods at lower costs.
(ii) Information and communication technology

(a)Telecommunication facilities with the help of satellite

communication have facilitated easier and speedy communication
across the globe.
(b) Internet has made it easier to communicate with each other
through electronic mail and voice mail.
 Most Repeated Questions
Q.1 How Globalisation and MNCs has a great impact on the
life of workers?
Q.2 How is the competition affecting workers, Indian
exporters, MNCs in the Garment industry?
Q.3 What has enabled globalization in India?
Q.4 Foreign investment/ Foreign Trade/ Liberalisation.
 GEOGRAPHY

Reema
Resources and Development
1. Resource:

Everything available, which helps to satisfy the

needs of individual provided it is

(a) Technologically accessible.

(b) Economically feasible.

(c) Culturally acceptable.

2. Interdependence:

Human beings interact with nature through

technology and create institutions to speed up the
economic development of things available in nature.
3. Impact of Indiscriminate use of Resources:

(i) Depletion of resources.

(ii) Accumulation of resources in few hands.

(iii) Has led to global crisis such as global warming,

ozone layer depletion.
4. Sustainable Development:

(i) Development to take place without compromising

with the needs of the future generations.

(ii) Such development without damaging the

environment.
5. International Efforts for Sustainable Development:
(i)Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit

(a) More than 100 countries participated.

(b) Held in Brazil in1992.

(c) Aimed at protection of environment and socio-

economic development.

(d) Adoption of Agenda 21.

(ii) Agenda 21

(a) To fight against environment damages, poverty,

disease.

(b) Global cooperation on common interests, mutual

needs and shared responsibilities.

(c) Drawing of Agenda 21 by all the countries.

6. Diversity in Availability of Resources in India:

(i) States like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Madhya

Pradesh are rich in mineral and coal deposits.

(ii) States like Arunachal Pradesh is rich in water

resources but lacks in infrastructure.

(iii) States like Rajasthan has abundance of solar

and wind energy but lacks in water resources.

(iv) Ladhakh has rich cultural heritage but it is

deficient in water.
7. Resource Planning in India:

(i) Identification and inventory of resources.

(ii) Evolving a planning structure for implementation

of resource developmental plan.00000118

(iii) Matching the resource developmental plan with

national developmental plan.
8. Important Factors for Resource Development:

(i) Technology - British were able to exploit Indian

resources due to their superior technology.

(ii) Institutions.

(iii) Quality of human resources.

(iv) Historical experience of the people.

9. Gandhi's Views on Conservation of Resources:

(i) Resources should be used only for meeting one's

needs.

(ii) Resource depletion due to greed of individuals

and application of modern technology.

(iii) Wanted to replace mass production by

production by the masses.
10. Land Resources:
(i) Distribution of Indian land resources.

(a) 43% is plain area.

(b) 30% is mountainous area

(c) 27% is plateau area.

(ii) Land utilization

(a) Forests.

(b) Land not available for cultivation includes

(1) Barren and waste land.

(2) Land used for non-agricultural activities.
(c) Other uncultivated land.

(1) Permanent pasture land.

(2) Land under tree crops groves.
(3) Culturable waste land.

(d) Fallow lands

(1) Current fallow land.

(2) Other than the current fallow land.
(3) Net sown area.
11. Land Use Pattern in India
(i) Forests-lower than 33% of geographical area.

(ii) Land under permanent pasture land has

decreased.

(iii) Other than the current fallow land is of poor

quality or the cost of cultivation is very high.

(iv) Net sown area is 54% of the total reporting area.

12. Reasons of Land Degradation:
Human activities.

(a) Abandoning the mining sites.

(b) Over-grazing.

(c) Water logging.

(d) Mineral processing like grinding of limestone.

(e) Dumping of industrial effluents.

13. Conservation of Land Resources:

(a) Afforestation.
(b) Proper management of the grazing areas.
(c) Planting of shelter belts.
(d) Stabilisation of sand dunes.
(e) Proper management of waste land.
(f) Control of mining activities.
(g) Proper disposal of industrial effluents.
14. Soil as a Resource:
Factors leading to the formation of soil.

(a) Weathering or disintegration of parent rock by

physical, ci.emical and biological agents.
(b) Soil formation is also influenced by plants, micro
organisms, animals and humans.
(c) Temperature affects the rate of weathering and
organic decomposition.
(d) Action of running water, wind and glaciers also
lead to the formation of soil.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
16. Soil Erosion:

(i) It is the denudation of the soil cover and washing

down is called as soil erosion.
(ii) The causes are

(a) Natural factors like wind, glacier and water.

(b) Human activities like deforestation, over-grazing,
construction and mining, ploughing in a wrong way.
17. Steps to Prevent Soil Erosion:

(i)Contour ploughing.

(ii) Terrace cultivation.

(iii) Strip cropping.

(iv) Shelter belts.

18. Gullies running water cuts through the soil and
makes deep channels. In Chambal such land
iscalled as Ravines.
Most Repeated Questions
FOREST AND WILDLIFE
1. Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India:

(i) Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972.

(1) Banning of hunting.

(2) Legal protection to the habitats of animals.
(3) Restrictive trade in wildlife.
(4) Publication of All India list of protected species
(ii) Establishment of national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries.

(iii) Announcement of projects such as Project Tiger

in 1973 in which Corbett National Park in
Uttarakhand, Sunderbans National Parks in West
Bengal etc. have been declared as tiger reserves.
There are 39 Tiger reserves.

(iv) Legal protection to black buck, the great Indian

bustard etc.
(v) Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986 have included
various types of butterflies, moths, beetles and
dragonfly.

(vi) Act of 1991-Addition of plants too.

2. Types of Forests:
(i) Reserved Forests:

(a) Considered as most valuable.

(b) States like Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh,

Uttarakhand have large percentage of reserved
forests.
(ii) Protected Forests:
(a) These are protected from any further depletion.

(b) States like Haryana, Punjab, Bihar have most of

its forests under protected forests.

(iii) Unclassed Forests:

(a) These are managed by local communities.

(b) Parts of Gujarat and all North-Eastern states

have high percentage of these forests.
3. Permanent Forests:

(a) Reserved and Protected Forests are also known

as a Permanent Forests

(b) These are maintained for growing timber and

other forest produce.

(c) Madhya Pradesh has 75 per cent of its forests

under permanent forests
4. Community and conservation:
Local communities are playing an active role in
conservation strategies

(a) Sariska Tiger Reserve: villagers fought against

mining.
(b) In Alwar 1,200 hectares of forest declared as
Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchuri' by the inhabitants.
(c) Nature worship has also led to preservation of
trees such as Mundas and Santhals worship Mahua
and Kadamba trees.
(d) Chipko Movement
(e) Beej Bachao Andolan (Tehri) and Navdanya aim
at crop production without the use of synthetic
chemicals.

(f) Joint Forest Management is a joint venture of

local village communities and Forest Department in
which villagers protect the degraded forests and in
return they get non-timber forest produces.
Most Repeated Questions
WATER RESOURCES
1. Introduction:

(i) 96.5 per cent of the total volume of world's water

in oceans and 2.5 per cent as fresh water.

(ii) Three-fourth of the earth's surface covered with

water.

(iii) Hydrological cycle and water a renewable

resource.
(iv) India's precipitation - 4 per cent of global
precipitation and ranks 133 in the world in terms of
water availability per person per annum. Prediction
of absolute scarcity of water by 2025 in large parts
of India.

2. Fresh water can be obtained from precipitation,

surface run off and groundwater.
3. Reasons for scarcity of water due to limited
availability of water and bad quality of water

A. Limited availability of water

(i) Growing population and its demand for domestic

use and for production of more food.

(ii) Expansion of irrigated areas for agriculture.

(iii) Owning of wells and tubewells by farmers to

increase food production, leading to falling
groundwater levels.
(iv) More use of water by intensive industrialisation.

(a) Industries are heavy users of water.

(b) Industries require water (hydroelectric power) to
run their operations.

(v) Multiplying urban centres and urban life styles

have also exhausted water resources.
B. Availability of bad quality of water

(i) Water is polluted due to domestic and industrial

wastes.

(ii) Use of pesticides and fertilisers also make the

water polluted.
4. Hydraulic structures in ancient India:

(i) Sringaverapura had water harvesting system.

(ii) Chandragupta Maurya built lakes and dams.

(iii) Irrigation works in Kalinga, Nagarjunakonda etc.

(iv) Bhopal Lake was the artificial lake.

(v) Tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi for supplying water to

Siri Fort area.
5. Multi Purpose Projects:

(i) Advantages:

(1) Source of water supply

(2) Generation of electricity
(3) Controls Flood
(4) Source of recreation
(5) Encourages inland navigation
(6) Facilitates fish breeding
(7) Irrigation of agricultural land
(ii) Disadvantages

(1) Hinders the natural flow of river

(2) Excessive sedimentation
(3) Rocky stream beds
(4) Poor habitat for aquatic life
(5) Submergence of the vegetation and decomposition of soil
(6) Cultivation of water intensive and commercial crops by the farmers
due to availability of water
(7) Widening of gap between rich land owners and landless poor
(8) Failure to control floods
(9) Heavy sedimentation of the reservoirs
(10) Have caused earthquakes, water borne diseases
(iii) Protest movements like Narmada Bachao
Andolan and Tehri Dam Andolan aim at
rehabilitation of the displaced people and protection
of the trees.
6. Rainwater Harvesting:

(i) Viable alternative to multipurpose project, both

socio-economically and environmentally.

(ii) Mountainous regions diversion channels like the

'guls' of the Western Himalayas for agriculture.

(iii) Bengal-inundation channels for irrigation.

(iv) Rajasthan- 'Khadins' in Jaisalmer and 'Johads'

in other parts
(v) Tankas for storing drinking water.

(vi) Rainwater harvesting in Rajasthan on decline

due to the Rajasthan Canal.

(vii) Rooftop rainwater harvesting in Mysuru.

(Gendathur village).

(viii) In Meghalaya - Bamboo Drip Irrigation System.

(ix) Tamil Nadu - Rainwater harvesting structure

compulsory for all houses in the state.
Most Repeated Questions
Agriculture
1. Importance of Agriculture:
(i) Employment of two-third population in
agriculture.
(ii) It provides food.
(iii) It is a source of raw material for industries.
(a) Primitive Subsistence Farming

(i) Practiced on small patches of land.

(ii) Use of tools like digging sticks, hoe, dao.
(iii) Done with the help of family members.
(iv) Depends on monsoon, fertility of the soil.
(v) Follows the technique of slash and burn agriculture.
(vi) No use of fertilisers and thus productivity is low.
(vii) Known by different names such as Jhumming in north
eastern states; Dipa in Bastar district of Chhattishgarh.
(viii) It is known as Milpa in Mexico and Central America; Ray
in Vietnam.
(b) Intensive Subsistence Farming

(i) It is labour intensive farming.

(ii) Land holdings are small due to high population

pressure.

(iii) Use of high biochemical inputs and irrigation.

(iv) High agricultural production.

(c) Commercial Farming

(i) Used of higher doses of modern inputs such as

HYV seeds, chemical fertiliser, insecticide and
pesticide.

(ii) Higher productivity of land.

(iii) Crops are grown for earning profits.

(iv) Plantation agriculture is an example of

commercial farming.
d) Plantation Farming

(i) A single crop is grown on a large area.

(ii) Done on large tracts of land with capital intensive
inputs.
(iii) Use of migrant labour.
(iv) Main aim is to make profits.
(v) It combines with the establishment of industries
too.
(vi) Arrangement of elaborate means of transport
and communication system.
3. Classification of crops on the basis of seasons:
4. Major crops in India:
(i) Food crops such as wheat, maize, rice, millet and
pulses.
(ii) Cash crops such as sugarcane, tobacco and
cotton jute.
(iii) Plantation crops such as coffee, coconut, tea
and rubber.
(iv) Horticulture crops such as fruits and vegetables.
(A) Rice:
(i) Nature-Staple food crop and kharif crop.

(ii) Ranking - Second largest producer after China.

(iii) Temperature 25 °C.

(iv) Rainfall 100 cm.

(v) Areas/States Assam, West Bengal, Odisha,

Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
(B) Wheat:
(i) Nature Rabi and cereal crop.

(ii) Climatic requirements - Cool growing season and

bright sun shine at the time of ripening.

(iii) Rainfall - 50 to 70 cm.

(iv) Areas/States - Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh

and Bihar.
(C) Millets:
(a) Ragi
(i) Rich in iron and calcium.
(ii) Grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and
shallow black soil.
(iii) Grown in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and
Uttarakhand.
(b) Jowar
(i) Third important food crop.

(ii) Grown in moist area.

(iii) Grown in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra

Pradesh

(C) Bhajra
(i) Grows well on sandy and shallow black soil.
(ii) Grown in Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
(D) Maize:
(i) Nature - Kharif crop and is used both as food and
fodder.
(ii) Temperature - 21 °C to 27 °C.
(iii) Soil Old alluvial soil.
(iv) Areas/States - Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar.
(E) Pulses:
(i) Names of the pulses - Arhar, Urad, Moong, Masur.

(ii) Nature - Leguminous (restores fertility of the

soil).

(iii) Ranking India largest producer of pulses.

(iv) Climatic requirements - Require less moisture

and survive in dry conditions.

(v) Areas/States - Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and

Rajasthan
(F) Sugarcane:
(i) Nature - Tropical and sub-tropical crop.100%
(ii) Temperature - 21 °C to 27 °C.
(iii) Rainfall 75 cm.
(iv) Ranking - Second largest producer next to
Brazil.
(v) Area/States - Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar.
(G) Oil Seeds :
(a) Names of the oil seeds seeds, linseed, sunflower.
Groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (till),
soyabean, castor

(i) These seeds are edible.

(ii) They are also used as raw material for producing

soaps, cosmetics and ointments.
(b) Groundnut
(i) It is a kharif crop.

(ii) In 2015 India was second largest producer.

(iii) In 2015 Gujarat, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu

produced maximum groundnut.
(c) Line seed Rabi crop.
(d) Mustard Rabi crop.
(e) Sesamum Kharif in north and rabi in south India.
(Castor seeds - Both as rabi and kharif.)
(H) Tea:

(i) Nature - Beverage crop.

(ii) Ranking Second largest producer in 2015-16.
(iii) Type of soil Well drained soil, rich in humus.
(iv) Climatic conditions Tropical, sub-tropical and
moist frost free climate.
(v) Labour requirement - Cheap and skilled labour.
(vi) States/Areas Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu
and Kerala.
(I) Coffee:
(i) Market - Great demand of Indian coffee.
(ii) States/Area Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
5. Horticulture crops :
Names of the fruits with their states
(i) Mangoes - Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and
Telangana.
(ii) Oranges - Nagpur, Cherrapunjee.
(iii) Bananas Kerala, Mizoram.
(iv) Lichi and Guava - Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
(v) Pineapples - Meghalaya.
(vi) Grapes - Andhra Pradesh.
(vii) Apple, Pear, Walnut - Jammu and Kashmir and
Himanchal Pradesh.
(viii) Ranking - Second largest producer of fruits.
(ix) Vegetables - Pea, Cauliflower, Onion.
6. Non-food Crops :
Rubber
(i) Nature - Equatorial as well as tropical and sub-
tropical.
(ii) Temperature -25 °C.
(iii) Rainfall 200 cm.
(iv) States/Area - Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
7. Fiber Crops :
(a) Cotton
(i) Nature Kharif crop.
(ii) Soil Black cotton soil.
(iii) Climatic conditions
(1) High temperature.
(2) Light rainfall.
(3) Frost free 210 days and bright sunshine for
growth.
(iv) States/Areas - Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana
b) Jute
(i) Nature - Golden fiber.
(ii) Soil-Well drained soil.
(iii) Temperature - High.
(iv) Uses - Gunny bags, mats and carpets.
(v) States/Areas - West Bengal, Assam, Bihar.
8. Reforms in agriculture:
(a) Institutional reforms
(i) Collectivisation.
(ii) Consolidation of holdings.
(iii) Abolition of zamindari system.
(iv) Crop insurance.
(v) Against drought, fire, cyclone and disease.
(vi) Provision of loans at lower rates.
(vii) Kissan Credit Card.
(viii) Personal Accident Insurance Scheme.
(ix) Minimum Support Price and Remunerative Price
(b) Technological Reforms
(i) The Green Revolution.
(ii) The White Revolution.
(iii) Special weather bulletins.
(iv) Agricultural programmes on Radio and
Television.
Most Repeated Questions
Minerals and Energy Resources
1. Mineral: It is a homogeneous natural occurring substance with a
definable internal structure.
2. Rock: It is a combination of homogeneous substances known as
minerals.
3. Ore: It is an accumulation of any mineral, mixed with other
elements.

4. Rat-Hole mining: In Jowai and Cherapunjee coal mining is done by

family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel.

5. Ores and minerals:

(a) Minerals are found in ores.
(b) The mineral content has to be sufficient in the ore for its easy
extraction.
(c) The formation and structure also determines its cost of extraction
6. Classification of minerals :
(a) Metallic minerals
(i) Ferrous minerals such as manganese's, iron ore
and nickel.
(ii) Non-metallic minerals such as copper, lead and
bauxite.
(iii) Precious metallic minerals such as gold, silver
and platinum.
(b) Non-metallic minerals such as limestone, marble
and sandstone.
(c) Energy minerals such as coal, petroleum and
natural gas
7. Reasons for variation in colours, luster, density
and crystal forms of minerals :
(a) Minerals are formed from a certain combination
of elements.
(b) This combination depends upon the physical and
chemical conditions under which the formation of
material takes place.
8. Existence of minerals in various forms:

(a) In igneous and metamorphic rocks, tin, copper

and lead occur in veins and lodes.

(b) In sedimentary rocks

(i) Minerals like coal are found in beds and layers.
(ii) Some minerals like gypsum, potash, salt are
formed due to evaporation.
(iii) Minerals like bauxite are formed due to the
decomposition of surface rocks.
(c) Minerals like gold, silver, platinum occur as
alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and base
of the hills.

(d) Minerals like common salt, magnesium and

bromine occur in ocean waters
9. Distribution of minerals in India:
(a) Peninsular rocks contain coal, metallic and non-
metallic minerals.
(b) Sedimentary rocks in Gujarat and Assam have
petroleum deposits.
(c) Rajasthan has deposits of non-metallic minerals.
(d) North India does not have minerals
10. Factors determining the economic viability of a
reserve :
(a) The percentage of mineral content in the ore.

(b) Ease of extraction.

(c) Closeness to the market.

11. Ferrous minerals:
(a) Iron ore

(i) Importance
• Basic mineral
• Backbone of industrial development.

(ii) Types of iron ore

• Magnetite has 70% iron and is valuable in electrical
industry.
• Hematite has a lower content of iron and is used in
great quantity in industries.
(iii) Iron ore belts
• Odisha-Jharkhand belt
• Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
• Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt
• Maharashtra-Goa belt

(b) Manganese
Uses
• Used in manufacturing of steel and ferro-
manganese.
• Used in manufacturing of bleaching powder,
insecticides and paints.
12. Non-ferrous minerals:
(a) Copper
(i) Qualities of copper
• It is malleable, ductile and a good conductor.
(ii) Uses
• It is used in cables, electronics and chemical
industries
(iii) Areas
• Balaghat mines of Madhya Pradesh.
• Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.
• Khetri mines of Rajasthan.
(b) Bauxite
(i) Characteristics• Aluminium is obtained from
Bauxite.
• Its deposits are formed due to decomposition of
rocks, rich in aluminium silicates.
• It is malleable and a good conductor
(ii) Areas-
• Amarkantak plateau.
• Maikal hills.
• Bilaspur-Katni plateau.
• Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput.
• Odisha is the largest producer
13. Non-metallic minerals:
Mica
(i) Characteristics• Made up of thin sheets.
• It is clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown.
• Used in electronic industries.
(ii) Areas
• Chota Nagpur plateau.
• Koderma Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand.
• Ajmer in Rajasthan.• Nellore belt of Andhra
Pradesh.
14. Rock minerals:

Limestone
Characteristics
• Is the basic raw material for cement industry.
• Used for smelting iron in blast furnace.
• Found in sedimentary rocks.
15. Reasons for conservation of minerals :
(i) Limited availability of workable minerals.
(ii) Geological process of mineral formation is slow.
(iii) Rate of consumption of minerals is more than
replenishment.
(iv) Continues extraction of minerals is a costly
process.
16. Steps for conservation of minerals:
(i) Planned and sustainable manner of use of
mineral resources.
(ii) Improved technologies for using low grade ores.
(iii) Recycling of metals.
17. Energy resources can be divided into
conventional and non-conventional resources.
Conventional energy resources:

(a) Coal
(i) Importance
• Most abundantly available.
• Fulfils commercial energy needs of the country,
• Used both for domestic and industrial needs.
(ii) Types of coal• Peat has a high moisture content
and low heating capacity.
• Lignite is a low brown coal and is used for
generation of electricity.
• Bituminous is the most popular for commercial
use.
• Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.
(iii) Regions - Coal occurs in two main geological
ages
• Gondwana coal is located in Damodar, Godavari,
Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys.
Tertiary coal is located in and Nagaland. north
eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal
Pradesh.
(b) Petroleum
(i) Importance
• Provides fuel for heat and lighting.
• Lubricants for machinery.
• Raw material for industries.
• Acts as a nodal industry for synthetic textile,
fertiliser and chemical industries.
(ii) Areas
• Ankeleshwar in Gujarat.
• Mumbai High.
• Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan in Assam.
(c) Natural gas
(1) Importance
• Clean energy resource.
• Used as an industrial raw material in the
petrochemical industry.
• Is environment friendly.
• Use as compressed natural gas for vehicles.
• Also used by power and fertiliser industries.
• Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur gas pipeline links
Mumbai High and Bassien with the fertiliser, power
and industrial complexes.
(ii) Areas
• Reserves in Krishna-Godavari basin.
• Mumbai High.
• Gulf of Cambay.Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

(d) Electricity
(i) Generation of electricity through two processes:
• Hydro electricity by running water which drives
hydro turbines.
• Thermal electricity by using coal, petroleum and
natural gas to drive out the turbines.
(ii) Sources of hydro electricity
• Various multi-purpose projects such as Bhakra
Nangal Dam, Damodar Valley Corporation, etc.
18. Non-conventional Resources:
(a) Nuclear or Atomic energy
(i) Process
• It is obtained by altering the structure of atom,
which leads to releasing of energy.
• This energy is released in the form of heat and is
used for generating electricity.
• Uranium and thorium to generate electric power
(ii) Areas
• Jharkhand.
• Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan.
• Monazite sands of Kerala.

(b) Solar energy

Importance
• India being a tropical country has potential for
using solar energy.
• With the use of solar energy, dependence on fuel
wood and cow dung in the villages will be reduced.
• That will lead to environmental conservation and
increase in the productivity of land.
(c) Wind energy
Areas
• Nagarcoil to Madurai in Tamil Nadu.
• Jaisalmer in Rajasthan.
• Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala.
(d) Biogas
(i) Process
• Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are
used to produce biogas.
• Gobar gas plants are set up in rural India.
(ii) Importance
• Improves the quality of manure.
e) Tidal energy
(i) Process
• Construction of floodgate dams for using oceanic
tides to generate electricity.
(ii) Areas
• Gulf of Khambhat and Gulf of Kuchchh in Gujarat.
• Gangetic delta in Sunderban in West Bengal.
(f) Geo thermal energy
(i) Process
• Due to the high temperature at shallow depths of
earth, the underground water absorbs heat from
rocks and becomes hot.
• This leads to the formation of steam, which is used
to drive the turbines.
(ii) Areas
• Parvati valley project in Himachal Pradesh.
• Puga valley project in Ladakh.
19. Conservation of Energy Resources:
(i) Use public transport.
(ii) Judicious use of electricity.
(iii) Use of power saving devices.
(iv) Use of non-conventional sources of energy
Most Repeated Questions
Manufacturing
Industries
Definitions:
(i) Manufacturing products:
Production of goods after processing of raw
material to more valuable
(ii) Agglomeration economies
. Industries come together to make use of facilities
offered by the urban centres
2. Importance of Manufacturing:

(i) Helps in modernising agriculture.

(ii) Reduces dependence on agriculture for
employment.
(iii) Instrumental in reduction of poverty.
(iv) Helps in removing regional disparities.
(v) Source of earning foreign exchange through
exports.
(vi) Development of industries is a deciding factor
for the prosperity of the country.
3. Interdependence of agriculture and industry:

(i) Agro-based industries have increased the

productivity of agriculture.
(ii) Industries are dependent on agriculture for raw
material:
(iii) Industries sell their products to farmers and in
turn help in modernisation of agriculture.
4. Classification of Industries:
(1) On the basis of source of raw material :
(i) Agro based
(a) Source of raw material is agriculture.
(b) Examples - Cotton, wool, jute, silk.

(ii) Mineral based

(a) Source of raw material is mineral.
(b) Examples - iron and steel, cement, aluminium.
(2) On the basis of their main role :
(i) Basic industries
(a) Supply their products as raw material.
(b) Example - iron and steel, copper smelting.

(ii) Consumer industries

(a) Produce goods for direct use by consumers.
(b) Examples - sugar, paper, fans, toothpaste
(3) On the basis of capital investment :
(1) Small scale industry
(a) Investment is not more than one crore.
(b) Example Candle making, Small toys,
Photography.

(ii) Large scale industry

(a) Investment more
(b) Examples industry. Iron and steel industry,
Textile industry, Automobile manufacturing
(4) On the basis of ownership:
(i) Public sector
(a) Owned and operated by government agencies.
(b) Examples - BHEL, SAIL.

(ii) Private sector

(a) Owned and operated by individuals.
(b) Examples TISCO, Dabur industries.

iii) Joint sector industries

(a) Owned jointly by the state and individuals or a
group of individuals.
(b) Example OIL, Mahanagar Gas Limited.
(iv) Co-operative sector industries
(a) Owned and operated by the producers or
suppliers of raw material, workers.
(b) Pooling of the resources and sharing of profits
and losses.
(c) Examples - Sugar Industry in Maharashtra, Coir
industry in Kerala.
(5) On the basis of bulk and weight of raw material
and finished goods:
(1) Heavy industries
(a) The raw material as well as manufactured goods
are heavy.
(b) Examples - Iron and steel, Ship building.

(ii) Light industries

(a) Use of light raw material and production of light
goods.
(b) Examples Electrical goods industries.
(6) Agro based industry
(1) Textile industry.
Importance
(a) Contributes to industrial production, employment
generation and foreign exchange earning.
(b) Self reliant and complete in value chain.
II. Cotton Textile
(a) Located in Maharashtra and Gujarat due to
availability of raw cotton, market, transport, labour,
moist climate.
(b) Provides employment to cotton boll pluckers,
workers engaged in ginning, spinning weaving
(c) Supports many industries such as chemicals and
dyes, packaging material.
(d) Sen corporate centralised, weaving is decals and
materials can be
(ii) Jute textiles.
(a) Largest producer of raw jute and jute goods.
(b) Second largest exporter after Bangladesh
II. Factors for location of jute industries in the Hugli
basin
(a) Close to the jute producing areas.
(b) Cheap water transport.
(c) Availability of abundant water for processing raw
jute.
(d) Availability of cheap labour from neighbouring
states.
(e) Provision of banking, port facilities, insurance in
Kolkata
(iii) Sugar industry
I. Ranking
Stands second as a world producer.
II. Nature of the industry
(a) Raw material is bulky.
(b) Sucrose content is lost in transportation.
(c) Seasonal in nature.
(d) More suited for cooperative sector.
III. Location of the industry
(a) Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh."
(b) Has shifted to Maharashtra due to higher
sucrose content, cooler climate and successful
working of cooperatives.
5. Mineral based industries:
(1) Iron and Steel Industry
(i) Nature
(a) It is the basic industry as all other industries depend on it
for machinery.
(b) It is a heavy industry as its raw material, finished goods,
and transportation costs are high.

(ii) Reasons for the concentration of Iron and Steel industry in

the Chhotanagpur plateau
(a) Availability of low cost of iron ore.
(b) Closeness to the availability of high grade raw material.
(c) Availability of cheap labour.
(d) Rising potential in the domestic market.
(2) Aluminum smelting
(i) Nature
(a) Second most important metallurgical industry.
(b) It is light, good conductor of heat, malleable.
(c) Its raw material, Bauxite is very bulky, dark
reddish coloured rock.
(ii) Uses
(a) Used for manufacturing, aircrafts, utensils and
wires.
(b) Good substitute for steel, copper, zinc and lead.
iii) Location
Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra
(3) Chemical industries
(1) Nature
(a) Comprises both large and small scale
manufacturing units.
(b) With the help of chemical processing further
chemicals are produced, which are used for
industrial application, agriculture or consumer
market.
(ii) Classification
(a) Inorganic Chemicals includes sulphuric acid and
caustic soda.
(b) Organic chemicals include petrochemicals.
(4) Fertiliser Industry.
(i) Nature
Producer of Urea, Phosphatic fertiliser, ammonium
fertiliser and complex fertiliser.
(ii) Location
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and
Kerala contribute significantly after the introduction
of Green Revolution.
(5) Automobile Industry
(i) Nature
(a) Provides quick transportation of goods, services
and passengers.
(b) Policy of Liberalisation has further expanded the
industry.
(ii) Location: Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune
(6) Information Technology and Electronic Industry
(i) Has generated employment
(ii) Location
(a) Bengaluru is the electronic capital of India.
(b) Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad are other
important centres.
6. Industrial Pollution and Environment Degradation:
(1) Air pollution due to
(2) (a) Emission of smoke by chemical and paper
industries.
(b) Burning of fossil fuels.
(c) Toxic gas leaks.
(ii) Water pollution
(a) Due to discharging of industrial wastes and
affluent into rivers.
(b) Industries like chemical, textile, and dyeing,
petroleum pesticides let out dyes, detergents acids,
salts into water bodies.
(iii) Thermal pollution
(a) Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and
weapon production.
(b) Dumping of wastes in the soil.
(iv) Noise pollution
(a) Industrial and construction activities.
(b) Generators, pneumatic and electric drills.

(v) Steps to control environmental degradation

(a) Reusing and recycling water in two or more
successive stages.
(b) Treatment of industrial affluent through primary,
secondary and tertiary treatment.
(c) Fitting of smoke stacks to factories with
electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters.
(d) Use of oil or gas.:
(e) Generators to be fitted with silencers.
Most Repeated Questions
 HISTORY

Reema
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM
IN EUROPE
1.Transformation of France into a Nation

(i) Introduction of the concept of le citoyen and la

patrie.

(ii) Introduction of Tricolour flag and French language.

(iii) Elected National Assembly.

(iv) Centralised system of administration with uniform

laws, weights and measures and abolition of internal
custom duties.
2. Role of France in liberating Europe from
absolutism and monarchy
Introduction of Civil Code or Napoleonic Code in
1804:

(a) Abolition of privileges by birth, feudal system.

(b) Introduction of equality before law, right to

property.

(c) Simplified administrative divisions.

(d) Abolition of serfdom and manorial dues.

(e) Removal of guild system.

(f) Improvement in transportation system.

(g) Standardised weights and measures.

(h) Common National currency.

3. Drawbacks in Napoleonic Code

(a) Limited political freedom

(b) Heavy Taxation

(c) Censorship

(d) Forced conscription

4.Conditions of Europe before the advent of
Napoleon

(i) Divided into kingdoms and Empires, which

included people of different nationalities and were
patchwork of different regions.

(ii) Habsburg Empire included Alpine regions,

Bohemia, Lombardy and Venetia.

(iii) People in this empire spoke different languages

such as Magyar, Polish and other variety of dialects
(iv) People of different communities lived in the Empire
such as Bohemians and Slovaks, Slovenes,Croats and
Roumans.

(v) The major economic classes were the landed

aristocracy, tenants in western Europe and serfs in eastern
Europe.
5. Liberalism as the ideology of new emerging
Middle class

(i) Derived from Latin word Liber.

(ii) Politically it emphasised on freedom for the

individual, equality before law government by
consent and right to vote to property holders.

(iii) In the economic sphere it meant holding of Right

to property, freedom of markets and abolition of
restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
6. Role of Zollverein in facilitating free movement of goods and
capital

(i) Napoleon Bonaparte had created confederation of 39 states

out of small principalities in Europe. Each had its own
currency and weights and measures.

(ii) As a result the merchants had to pay multiple custom

duties and got involved in time consuming calculations.

(iii) In 1834 at the initiative of Prussia, a custom union known

as Zollverein was formed. It abolished tariff barriers and
reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
7. Europe after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte
Congress of Vienna in 1815:

(a) Representatives from Britain, Russia, Prussia

and Austria; prominent role played by Austrian
chancellor Duke Metternich.

(b) Restoration of Bourbon dynasty in France.

(c) Kingdom of Netherland was given Belgium.

(d) Piedmont was given Genoa.

(e) Extension of Prussian frontiers in west and was
given Saxony.

(f) Austria gained control of North Italy.

(g) Russia was given parts of Poland.

8. Rise of Revolutionaries

(i) Revolutionaries believed in liberty and freedom, creation of nation

states and oppose monarchical order.

(ii) Giuseppe Mazzini was one such revolutionary, who organised a

revolution in Liguria.

(iii) He also formed secret societies Young Italy in Marseilles and

Young Europe in Berne.

(iv) Secret societies sprang up in Germany, France, Switzerland and

Poland.
9. Revolutions of 1830

(i) Prominent role played by liberal nationalists.

(ii) In France deposition of Bourbon dynasty and

introduction of constitutional monarchy under Louis
Philippe.

(iii) Independence of Belgium from Netherland.

(iv) Independence of Greece from Ottoman Empire after

the signing of Treaty of Constantinople in 1832.
10. Rise of Romanticism

(i) It was a cultural movement which aimed at the development of

Nationalism.

(ii) It believed in emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.

(iii) Emphasis on folk songs, folk dances and folk poetry.

(iv) Emphasis on vernacular languages and collection of local folklore.

(v) Johann Gottfried was a German philosopher who believed that

through folklore nationalist sentiments could be cultivated among
illiterate people too.
11. Role of language in developing nationalism in Poland

(i) Use of Polish language prohibited by Russia in Poland

(ii) In 1831 an armed rebellion in Polish regions against

Russia.

(iii) Use of Polish language in Polish churches as a matter

of defiance against Russia and there by led to the
development of national sentiments in Poland.
12. 1830s-Year of economic adversity

(i) Increase in population-created unemployment, migration

of rural population to cities.

(ii) Stiff competition from machine goods from England for

hand made goods of Europe.

(iii) Peasants still paid feudal dues.

(iv) Rise of food prices and bad harvests.

13. Revolutions of 1848
(i) In France

(a) Food shortages and unemployment.

(b) Louis Philippe had to abdicate.

(c) France declared a republic.

(d) All the males above the age of 21 got the right to vote.

(e) Employment workshops were set up

(ii) In Germany, Frankfurt parliament offered the crown to
king Friedrich Wilhelm IV. He refused, as he did not want to
be a constitutional monarch.

(iii) Abolition of serfdom and bonded labour in Russia and

Habsburg Empire.

(iv) Hungarians were granted autonomy.

14. German Unification

(i) The Junkers, monarchs and the army did not encourage
nation building.

(ii) However on the initiative of Prussia the process of

German unification began.

(iii) Otto von Bismarck fought wars with Austria, Denmark

and France to complete the process of German unification.

(iv) William I was proclaimed as the ruler of Germany in

1871.
15. Italian Unification
(i) Italy was divided into many states:

(a) Piedmont Sardinia under Italian rulers.

(b) Northern part of Italy under Austria Habsburg.
(c) Central Italy under Pope.
(d) Kingdom of two Sicilies under Bourbon kings of Spain.

(ii) Giuseppe Mazzini attempted unsuccessfully to unify

Italy.

(iii) Failure of Revolutions of 1830 and 1848.

(iv) Cavour, chief minister of King Victor Emmanuel of
Sardinia and Piedmont followed the policy of diplomacy:

(a) Alliance with France and defeated Austrian forces in

1859.

(b) In 1860 Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi drove out the

Spanish from kingdom of two Sicilies.

(c) In 1861 Victor Emmanuel was proclaimed as the king of

united Italy.
16. Formation of Great Britain as a nation state

(i) The British Isles initially consisted of different ethnic

communities such as English, Welsh, Scots and Irish.

(ii) In 1688 English parliament abolished monarchy and

came into being.

(iii) By the Act of Union in 1707 between England and

Scotland, there was formation of United Kingdom of Great
Britain
(a) Suppression of Scottish culture and political
institutions

(b) Suppression of Catholic clans.

(c) Prohibition of use of their Gaelic language and wearing

of national dress.

(iv) By the act of 1801 Ireland was included in United

Kingdom:

(a) Suppression of Catholic population in Ireland.

(b) Suppression of revolt led by Wolfe Tone in 1798.
(v) New symbols of Great Britain:

(a) British flag (Union Jack

(b) National Anthem (God Save our Noble King).

(c) English language.

17. Use of female allegories to represent Nations in
nineteenth century

(i) France-Marianne representative of people's nation and

French unity.

(ii) Germany-Germania representing Heroism.

18. Changing interpretations of Nationalism in last quarter
of nineteenth century

(i) Nationalism lost its democratic ideals.

(ii) Became a narrow creed of intolerance and wars.

(iii) Exploitation of nationalist sentiments by the Great

Powers to further their ends of extending their imperialist
aims.
19. The Balkan States

(i) Consisted of Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,

Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia,
Montenegro.
(ii) Controlled by Ottoman Empire.
(iii) Inspired by Romantic nationalism they based their
struggle of independence on common nationality and
history.
(iv) These Slavic nationalist sentiments were exploited by
the Great Powers, leading to the development of rivalries
and secret alliances finally resulting in the First World War.
20. Rise of Nationalism in Colonies

(i) It was anti thesis of Nationalism in Europe.

(ii) It developed in the form of anti-imperialist movement.

(iii) Believed in national unity and aimed at forming

independent nations.
Most Repeated Questions
Most Repeated Questions
Nationalism in India
1. Introduction:

(i) Modern nationalism in Europe and formation of

nation-states.

(ii) In India and many other colonies growth of

nationalism connected to the anti-colonial
movement.

(iii) Oppression under colonial rule - a shared bond

that tied different groups.
2. Developments in India during the First World War:

(i) Increase in custom duties.

(ii) Rise in prices.

(iii) Failure of crops and outbreak of influenza.

3. Early Experiments:

(i) Champaran in Bihar against plantation system in

1916.

(ii) Kheda in Gujarat against payment of revenue in

1917.

(iii) Ahmedabad in Gujarat in support of cotton mill

workers in 1918.
4. Rowlatt act Satyagraha 1919:

(i) Introduction of Rowlatt Act by the British in 1919

to imprison Indians without a trial.

(ii) Mahatma Gandhi called for countrywide hartal on

6 April 1919.

(iii) On 10 April introduction of martial law by the

British after firing at the peaceful procession in
Amritsar on 10 April 1919.
(iv) On 13 April 1919 Jallianwalla Bagh tragedy due
to the heinous act of General Dyer, killing thousands
of Indians.

(v) Outbreak of violence in Amritsar and brutal

repression by the British.

(vi) Mahatma Gandhi called off the Rowlatt act

Satyagraha.
5. Non-Cooperation Movement 1920-1922:

(i) Dismemberment of Turkey 1919: The Caliph of

Turkey was to be deprived of Ottoman Empireby the
British after being defeated in the First World War.
Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali inIndia formed
Khilafat Committee.

(ii) Jallianwalla Bagh Tragedy added to the anger

amongst Indians leading to the calling for Non-
Cooperation by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920.
6. Congress Session of Calcutta in September 1920:
Some Congressmen were reluctant to adopt Non-
Cooperation as they did not want to boycott
legislative councils elections and feared violence.

7. Congress session at Nagpur in December in 1920:

Decided to adopt Non-Cooperation Movement
8. Non-Cooperation Movement in the cities:

(i) Students and teachers left schools and colleges,

lawyers gave up their practice and boycott
ofCouncil elections except Madras.

(ii) Boycott of foreign goods, picketing of liquor

shops and boycott of foreign trade by the Indian
merchants.

(iii) The movement became weak as people could

not afford khadi and no alternate indian institutions
were set up.
9. Non-Cooperation Movement in Oudh:

(i)High rents, practice of begar and no security of tenure made

the peasants organise Nai-Dhobi Bandh under Baba Ram
Chandra against the talukdars of Oudh.

(ii) Setting up of Kisan Sabha under the leadership of

Jawaharlal Nehru and it got integrated intoa wider movement
with the beginning of Non-Cooperation Movement.

(iii) However the peasants became violent by attacking the

houses of talukdars and merchants; also looted the bazaars
and grains.
10. Non-Cooperation Movement by the tribal in
Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh:

(i) Tribal people were not allowed to enter forests,

had to do begar for building roads.

(ii) Under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju, they

attacked police stations, tried to kill British officials
and carried guerilla warfare.

(iii) Alluri Sitaram Raju persuaded tribal people to

give up drinking and wear Khadi but did not believe
in non violence; was captured and executed.
11. Non-Cooperation Movement in Assam
(Plantation areas):

(i) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 workers

were not allowed to leave the tea gardens.

(ii) With beginning of Non-Cooperation Movement,

they left the plantation areas with the belief that
Gandhi Raj was coming.

(iii) Due to the railway and steamer strike, they were

not able to go back and were brutally beaten up by
the British.
12. Calling of the Non-Cooperation Movement in
1922:

(i) Due to the outbreak of violence at Chauri Chaura

in Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh) in which 22British
policemen were burnt alive Mahatma Gandhi called
off the movement.

(ii) After the calling off Non-Cooperation movement,

formation of Swaraj party under C.R. Das and Motilal
Nehru as they wanted to end the boycott of the
legislative elections.
13. Civil Disobedience Movement 1930:

(i) Economic Depression and the prices of

agricultural goods fell and exports declined.

(ii) Appointment of a Statutory Commission by the

Tory Government under Sir John Simon. This
commission had to suggest changes in the
constitutional system in India. It did not have
anyIndian member. As a result, it was boycotted,
when it reached India in 1928.
(iii) Congress session at Lahore under the
presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929. It made
demand for Complete Independence and celebrated
26 January 1930 as the Independence Day

(iv) Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Lord Irwin, the

Viceroy of India in which he stated 11 demands. The
most important demand was the abolition of tax on
salt.(p) The tax on salt was to be abolished as salt
was consumed by both rich and poor, and it was the
most oppressive example of British rule.
(v) As Lord Irwin did not pay any attention to the
demands, Mahatma Gandhi with 78 volunteers
marched 240 miles in 24 days, reached Dandi and
made salt.
14. Beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) People began manufacturing Salt and held salt
demonstrations in front of salt factories.

(ii) Boycott of foreign cloth and picketing of liquor

shops.

(iii) Refusal to pay chowkidari tax, violation of forest

laws and resignation by village officials.

(iv) Demonstrations in Peshawar against the arrest of

Abdul Ghaffar Khan and in Sholapur against the arrest
of Mahatma Gandhi.
(v) Gandhi-Irwin Pact on 5 March 1931.

(a) Mahatma Gandhi to call off Civil Disobedience

Movement and to attend Second Round Table
Conference to be held in London.

(b) British to release the nonviolent satyagrahis.

(vi) Failure of Second Round Table Conference and

Mahatma Gandhi resumed Civil Disobedience Movement
in 1932, after coming back but did not get much
response. Civil Disobedience Movement came to an end
in 1934.
15. Participation of various classes in the Civil
Disobedience Movement:

(i) Rich peasants like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of

Uttar Pradesh participated against high revenues.
But were disappointed when the movement was
called off in 1931. They did not join the movement,
when it was restarted
(ii) Industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and
G.D. Biria participated in the Movement to demand
protection against imports of foreign goods and
rupee-sterling exchange ratio to discourage imports.
Gave financial assistance to Congress and did not
deal in imported goods. Did not participate after
1931 as they were apprehensive about militancy,
rising socialism in Congress and disruptions in their
business.

(iii) Women came out in large numbers to

manufacture salt, picketed liquor shops and
boycotted foreign cloth.
16. Classes not supported by the Congress during
Civil Disobedience Movement:

(i) Poor Peasants wanted that they should not be

forced to pay the rent to the landlords. Congress did
not want to displease the rich landlords.

(ii) Industrialist workers did not get support from

Congress, as it did not want to alienate the
industrialists. The workers did participate in
Chotanagpur.
17. Social limitations of Civil Disobedience Movement:

(i) Non participation by Dalits : They wanted political

emancipation to solve their social disabilitiesfor which they
heavily depended on the British.

(ii) Non participation by Muslims: After the decline of Non-

Cooperation and association of Congress with Hindu
Mahasabha made them feel alienated.

(iii) Mahatma Gandhi and Dalits: He called Dalits as Harijans

and organised satyagraha for securing them entry into temples
and access to wells, tanks, roads and schools.
18. Poona Pact of 1932:

(i) Between B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi.

(ii) The schedule castes to get reserved seats in

Legislative councils but to be voted by the general
electorate.
19. Cultural factors for the rise of Nationalism in India:

(i) Image of Bharat Mata:

(a) First created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya.

(b) Painted by Abanindranath Tagore representing learning, f
clothing and spiritualism

(ii) Collection of Folklore:

(a) Rabindranath Tagore led the movement for revival of the f

(b) Natesa Sastri published Folklore of Sothern India.
(iii) Creation of icons and symbols:

(a) A tricolour flag with eight lotuses, crescent moon

during Swadeshi Movement.
(b) A tricolour flag with a spinning wheel in the
centre.

(iv) Reinterpretation of History: Writings by the

Nationalists about the great achievements of Indians
in the past in various fields.
Most Repeated Questions
Most Repeated Questions
Making of a
Global world
1. The Pre-modern World:

(i) Globalisation as an economic system has a long

history.

(ii) In ancient times it evolved as means of trade,

migration of people in search of work, movement of
capital.
2. Globalisation in ancient period:

(i) Goods were carried and evidence has been found

in the form of trade link between Indus Valley
civilisation and West Asia around 3000 BCE.

(if) Spread of long distance disease carrying germs

in the seventh century.

(iii) Silk Routes also linked the pre-modern world

(a) Various silk routes existed in the vast regions of
Asia.

(b) These linked Asia with Europe and Northern

Africa.

(c) Pottery and silk from China, textiles from India

and Southeast Asia and gold and silver from Europe
to Asia flowed through these routes.
(iv) Buddhism, Preachers of Islam and Christian
missionaries also travelled through these routes.

(v) Even food travelled to distant places

(a) Noodles from west came to China known as

Spaghetti.

(b) Arab traders carried pasta to Sicily.

(c) Potatoes, soya, maize, tomatoes and chillies

were introduced in Europe and Asia by Americas.
3. Globalisation in the sixteenth century:

(i) Precious metals such as silver from Peru and

Mexico.

(ii) Expeditions to the city of gold 'El Dorado' were

sent in the seventeenth century.

(iii) The Portuguese and Spanish began the process

of colonisation in America. They were successful
(a) by using fire power.

(b) by carrying germs of small pox (specially by the

Spanish), which killed the natives.
4. Migration to America in the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries:

(i) The slaves captured in Africa worked in American

plantations.

(ii) The religious dissenters from Europe also fled to

America.
5. Emergence of Europe as the World trade centre:

(i) China and India were the prominent countries for

Asian trade till the fifteenth century.

(ii) Adoption of policy of isolation and restricted

trade by China.

(iii) Rise of Americas as the centre for economic

gains.
Most Repeated Questions
Print culture and the Modern
Word
1. Introduction:

(i) Importance of printed matter in the modern world.

(ii) Everywhere around us - evidence of print in
books, magazines, newspapers, calendars etc.

2. The First Printed Books:

Earliest printing technology - hand-printing or

woodblock printing in China, Japan and Korea.
3. China:
Books were printed by rubbing paper against the inked
surface of the woodblocks. Impact of printed books on China:

(a) Textbooks for civil service examinations increased from

the sixteenth century as the number of candidates, appearing
for this examination went up.

(b) In the seventeenth century merchants used print for trade

information

(c) Women began to read and write.

(d) In the nineteenth century printing technology was imported

from west and Shanghai became the hub of new print culture.
4. Japan:

(a) Printing technology was introduced by the Buddhist

missionaries from China.

(b) The oldest Japanese book is Diamond Sutra, which

had six sheets of text and wood cut illustrations.

(c) Pictures began to be printed on textiles, playing cards

and paper money.

(d) Books on women, musical instruments, tea ceremony,

famous places; paintings depicting urban culture of Edo
were introduced.
5. Print Culture in Europe:

(a) In Europe writings were done on vellum by hand.

But these manuscripts were fragile, could not be
carried around and were expensive.

(b) In 1295, Marco Polo brought the technique of

hand printing to Italy and there by it spread to other
parts of Europe. By fifteenth century woodblock
printing was being done on textile, playing cards
and religious pictures.
6. Print revolution:

Johann Gutenberg of Germany (Strasbourg) invented the

printing machine and printed Bible. His printing machine
flooded the market with printed books, the number
increasing to 200 million by sixteenth century,
7. Introduction of print culture for the common
people:

The common people till then used to hear the

ballads, folk tales and sacred books. The publishers
began publishing these with pictures. These began
to be sung at gatherings in the villages and taverns.
8. Print culture and Religious debates:

(i) The monarchs and religious authorities criticised

the print culture.

(a) The printed books could have adverse effects on

the minds of the people.
(b) There could be spread of rebellions and
irreligious thought.
c) Destruction of valuable literature.
(ii) Martin Luther in 1517 wrote Ninety Five Theses, criticising
religious practices of CatholicChurch, leading to the beginning
of Protestant Reformation.

(iii) Menocchio, a miller in Italy read books and formulated his

own ideas about God.

(iv) Roman Catholic Church executed Menocchio for holding

different views about God.

(v) It also imposed controls over publishers and booksellers.

(vi) Maintained an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.

9. The Reading Mania:

(i) Due to the efforts of the Church the literacy rates

went up in Europe in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries.
(ii) In order to make books accessible to the newly
literate people of Europe, publishers used various
methods.

(a) In England, penny chapbooks were carried by

Pedlars.
(b) In France Biliotheque Bleue were low priced small books.
(c) Similarly books on romance and history were published
which were low priced books.

(iii) Variety of publications in the form of newspapers and

journals were introduced.

(iv) Similarly there were publications in science by Isaac

Newton.

(v) The writings of Thomas Paine, Voltaire, and Jean Jacques

Rousseau were published.

(vi) Louise Sebastian Mercier, the novelist from France began to

believe that books could destroy despotism.
10. Print Culture and French Revolution:

(i) It popularised the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau. People

began questioning the relevance of traditional social order.

(ii) It encouraged debates and discussions and introduced the

people to the idea of social revolution.

(iii) Through cartoons and caricatures it was able to develop

hatred for monarchy amongst the people.

(iv) People also were simultaneously exposed to propaganda by

Church and Monarchy. In the process they developed a critical
view of the social and political order.
11. Impact of Print literature in the nineteenth
century in Europe:

(i) On Children:

(a) Children Press was set up in France.

(b) In Germany Grimm Brothers published folk tales

for children in 1812
(ii) On Women:

Women novelists like Jane Austen, the Bronte

sisters and George Eliot becamepopular writers,
who portrayed women with will, determination and
power to think.

(iii) On Workers:

Due to the lending libraries the lower classes

became educated. The workersbegan to write
political tracts and autobiographies.
12. Innovations in printing technology in the nineteenth
century:

(i) Power driven cylindrical machine for printing newspapers.

(ii) Offset Press could print six colours at a time.

(iii) Electrically Operated Presses speeded up the printing

process.

(iv) Improvement in method of feeding paper, quality of plates.

(v) Introduction of automatic paper reels, photoelectrical controls.

13. Strategies used by the Publishers to increase
their sale of books in twentieth century:

(i) Serialisation of novels.

(ii) Introduction of Shilling Series and dust cover.

(iii) Introduction of cheap paperback editions.

14. Manuscripts in India:

(i) Manuscripts were written in Sanskrit, Persian and

vernacular languages.

(ii) They were written on palm leaves or hand made

paper with beautiful illustrations.

(iii) However, they were fragile, expensive; to be

handled carefully and difficult to read.
15. Introduction of Print in India:

(i) Printing press first came in Goa in mid sixteenth

century.

(ii) In 1579, first Tamil book was printed at Cochin.

(iii) By 1674, 50 books printed in Konkani and

Kanara languages.

(iv) By 1710, 32, Tamil texts were printed.(v) In 1713,

first Malayalam book was printed.
(v) In 1713, first Malayalam book was printed.

(vi) James Augustus Hickey launched the first

newspaper in English - the Bengal Gazette.

(vii) The first Indian newspaper (by the same name)

Bengal Gazette, a weakly newspaper was started by
Gangadhar Bhattacharya.
16. Religious debates and the Indian press:

(i) From 1821 Raja Rammohun Roy published

Sambad Kaumudi to highlight the evils existing in
Hindu society.

(ii) Orthodox Hindu group published Samachar

Chandrika against Raja Rammohun Roy's liberal
views.

(iii) Two newspapers in Persian from 1822.

(a) Jam-i-Jahan Nama.

(b) Shamsul Akhbar.

(iv) Gujarati newspaper in 1822-Bombay Samachar.

(v) Ulama published Persian and urdu translations

of holy scriptures,

(vi) Deoband Seminary published Fatuus to teach

Islamic doctrines to Muslims
(vii) Ramcharitmanas was printed in 1810.

(viii) Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and Shri

Venkateshwar Press in Bombay began publishing
religious text in Vernacular languages.
17. New forms of Publication:

(i) Novels-depiction of diversity of lives.

(ii) Lyrics, short stories, essays about social and

political matters.

(iii) Visual images:

(a) Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images
for the masses.
(b) Caricatures-about obsession of the Indians with
western culture.
(c) Cartoons-criticised British rule.
18. Women and Print:
(i) Two types of attitudes towards women's
education.

(a) Liberal attitude women were sent to schools.

(b) Conservative attitude-girls could be widowed or

their minds could be corrupted
(ii) Beginning of women writers
(a) Rashsundari Debi - Amar Jiban.

(b) Kailashbashini Debi - about ill-treatment meted

out to them.

(c) Tarabai Shinde, Pandita Ramabai - miserable

lives of upper-caste Hindu women.

(d) Hindi literature about women discussed issues

like education, widowhood, widow remarriage and
the national movement.
(e) Ram Chaddha-Istri Dharm Vichar.

(f) Khalsa Tract Society about qualities of good women.

(g) Books published by Battala Publications were taken by

pedlars to the homes of women.
19. Print and the Poor:

(a) Very cheap books for poor people.

(b) Libraries were set up.
(c) Jyotiba Phule-Gulamgiri-against the caste system.
(d) B.R. Ambedkar and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker wrote on
caste system.
(e) Kashibaba-Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal.
(f) Sudarshan Chakr-Sacchi Kavitayan.
20. Print and Censorship:

(i) Introduction of Vernacular Press Act 1878. It provided the

British government with powers to censor reports and
editorials in the vernacular languages.

(ii) Despite this there was growth of nationalist newspapers.

(iii) In his newspaper Kesari, Balgangadhar Tilak wrote

about revolutionaries in Punjab.
 Most Repeated Questions
Q.1 Print culture created the conditions with which French
revolution occurred? Give reasons.
Q.2 What are manuscripts? Discuss its limitations.
Q.3 Explain the factors that helped in the rise of print culture
in Europe?
Q. 4 What steps were taken by the British of curb the
freedom of press in India?
Q. 5 What were the impact of print culture on Indian
women? Explain with example.