The Human Growth

and Reproduction

Grade 10 Science

Ms. Rose Eden B. Dumayas

Learning Targets
At the end of the lesson, I can…

1. describe the parts of the reproductive system

2. describe the feedback mechanisms involved in

the female reproductive system

3. Explain the role of hormones involved in the

female reproductive systems
Essential Questions
Every living thing produces its own kind. This
guarantees the survival of its species.
How does this extraordinary process happen
in humans?
What systems interact to produce a new
generation of living organisms?
How do single cells become complete human
beings?
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- Reproduction is the process of propagating
species
- Composed of specialized organs, glands and
hormones
- The male reproductive system is composed
of several organs
Male Reproductive System
 Serves three functions
1. To produce and maintain the sex cell or
sperm & protective fluid called semen
2. To deliver or transport the sperms to the
female reproductive system
3. Discharge sperm into the female reproductive
tract during copulation
 This system is closely associated with the
urinary system
Organs of the Male
Reproductive System
 Penis
 Urethra
 Vas Deferens
 Scrotum
 Testes
 Bladder*
*Not a part of the reproductive
system
External Organs of the Male
Reproductive System
 Penis: the external reproductive organ,
urethra passes through the penis and allows
urine and semen to exit the body.
 Scrotum: a sac or pouch which holds the
testes.
 The function of the scrotum is to maintain the
proper temperature of the testes.
 Sperm is destroyed unless a temperature of 97 o is
maintained.
Internal Organs of the Male
Reproductive System
 Bladder*: holds urine prior to urination. Urine
leaves the bladder via the urethra.
 Urethra: a tube which allows urine and semen to
exit the body. Connects to the bladder
 Vas deferens: a tube which connects the testes
to the urethra and allows semen to exit the body.
 Testis: two glands which produce sperm and
hormones (testosterone) which is responsible for
the development and maintenance of the
secondary sexual characteristics in males
Internal Organs of the Male
Reproductive System
 Epididymis: a narrow coiled tube where the
sperm spend 10-20 days to mature before
entering the vas deferens.
Terms to remember!
 Ejaculation – the release of semen, during
sexual arousal, arterial blood flow fills the
blood spaces in the erectile tissues of the
penis that causes its erection.

 Semen – the mixture of sperm and fluids, is

carried in a tube to the glans penis, or tips of
the penis, where it can exit the body.
Terms to remember!
 Testosterone – the main male sex hormone
secreted by the testis responsible for the
normal development of the organs.

 Sperm – described as tadpole like with 3

parts namely: head, middlepiece and tail
Parts of the Sperm
Sperm Challenge
 About 200 -500 million sperms are in the
semen when a man ejaculates, but less than
1% ever make it to the egg.

 Sperms released in millions to increase its

chance to find the egg. The sperm actually
face a lot of obstacles to reach their ultimate
goal.
Challenges confronted by the
Sperms
 Millions already die in the vagina due to its acidic
environment;
 Some sperms lose energy to continue the journey;
 Some sperms go to the oviduct or fallopian tube that
does not contain the egg.
 Others are blocked in the mucus covering the cervix; and
 Abnormal sperms resulting from its mass production are
unable to fertilize an egg.
Female Reproductive System
Two functions:
To produce ova or egg cells

To provide a place where a fertilized egg can

develop

Fertilization or union of the egg and sperm

occurs in the oviducts.
Organs of the Female
Reproductive System
 Vagina
 Cervix
 Uterus
 Fallopian Tubes
 Ovary
 Endometrium
Organs of the Female
Reproductive System
 Vagina
- also called the birth canal, a tube leading
from the uterus to the outside of the body
which is about 10-15cm long.
- an elastic, hollow muscular tube leading to
the outside lined with moist epithelium
- it is provided with elastic wall, not only during
the reception of the penis during copulation
but also for the passage of the infant during
childbirth
Organs of the Female
Reproductive System
 Cervix: the lower portion of the uterus; where
the vagina and uterus meet.
 Uterus: a hollow, fist-sized organ with thick
muscular wall located between the bladder
and rectum. The wall has numerous blood
vessels and uterine lining called
endometrium.
 Fallopian Tubes: also called oviducts; are
two tubes connecting the uterus with the
ovaries. Fertilization or union of the egg and
sperm occurs in the oviducts.
Organs of the Female
Reproductive System
 Ovaries: small organs on the ends of the
Fallopian tubes responsible for the
production and release of egg cells.
 Females are born with all of the eggs they will
ever produce.
 Ovaries alternate the release of eggs each month.
One ovum per month.
 produce hormones-estrogen.
 This release of the ova is called ovulation.
Organs of the Female
Reproductive System
 Ovaries
• Contains numerous follicles, each containing
an egg cell that matures for a cycle of 28
days.
• One ovary contains 50-250,000 young egg
cells called oogonia but only about 500
become mature ova.
• Secretes follicle stimulating, luteinizing and
estrogen hormones.
ESTROGEN
 controls the development of the female
secondary characteristics, like the
enlargement of breasts and widening of the
pelvic bones or hips.
 responsible for the development of the egg
and the preparation of the uterus for
pregnancy
VULVA
 The external genitalia of females.
 Parts:
1. Mons Pubis
2. Clitoris
3. Vestibule
4. Urethral Opening
Mammary Glands
 also called as breasts – accessory
reproductive organs
 primary function is to

produce milk --nourishment for a newborn

Mammary Glands
 Mammary papilla – nipple, located at the
center of a breasts contains the opening of
milk ducts.
 Areola – wider, circular pigment aread which
surrounds the nipple.
 Lactiferous sinus
- Found just below the areola
- Serves as a milk reservoir
 Colostrum
– secretions in the mammary glands after
giving birth
- Should be fed to the newborn because it is
filled with antibodies and immunoglobulins
that can help the infant fight diseases
 Prolactin

- a hormone that initiates lactation

The Menstrual Cycle
 The menstrual cycle typically lasts 28 days;
approximately 1 month.
 One cycle is the amount of time from the
beginning of one period to the beginning of the
next period.
 The beginning of a period is marked by the
release of the blood and lining from the
endometrium.
 This flow of blood typically lasts 3-7 days and is
called menstruation.
The Menstrual Cycle
 refers to the changes that occur in the uterus.

 During the cycle, the female body prepares

an egg for potential fertilization and
pregnancy. If no pregnancy will occur, the
endometrium breaks down and a new cycle
begins.
The Menstrual Cycle
 After menstruation, the ovaries release hormones
that tell the uterus to grow a new lining and prepare
to receive a new egg.
 As the uterus prepares a new lining, one of the
ovaries releases an egg. This is called ovulation.
 Ovulation occurs about halfway through a
woman’s cycle.
 The egg travels through the Fallopian tube. If it is
not fertilized it breaks down and is released with
the lining and blood of the uterus.
The Menstrual Cycle
Three phases:
Menstrual flow phase

Follicular phase

Luteal phase
Menstrual Cycle Timeline
Menstrual Cycle Timeline
The Menstrual Cycle and
Fertilization
 If the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell, the egg
will implant in the lining of the uterus and
begin to develop.
 Zygote: The first cells of a new organism; the time
from fertilization to implantation.
 Embryo: The zygote is called an embryo from
implantation to 8 weeks.
 Fetus: After 8 weeks of development, the embryo
is known as a fetus.
Twins
 Multiple eggs are released or there is
more than one ovulation. Both (or more)
eggs are fertilized and you have fraternal
twins.
 One egg is released but splits in two.
Identical twins are made. If the egg does
not completely split in two, conjoined
twins are produced.