PREGNANCY AND

DIAGNOSA
(Kebuntingan dan Pemerikasaan Kebuntingan)

Lecture:
Y. Supri Ondho
 KEBUNTINGAN
 Tropoblast dengan lapisan mesoderm (calon chorion)
merupakan bagian yang mengawali kontak dengan
induknya.
 Sementara zona pellucida mulai mengelupas, chorion mulai
dipenuhi dengan pembuluh darah mikro (microvilli) dan
terjadi kontak dengan dinding uterus.
 Pada domba dan babi mulai terjadi junction complexes
yang terbentuk diantara tropoblast dan sel-sel epitel dinding
uterus.
 Tahap berikutnya terjadi asosiasi chorion dan mikrovili
serta adesi dengan dinding uterus.
IMPLANTASI (lanjutan)
 Week Four

After implantation, cells of the embryo begin to specialize and form primitive
organs.
In the four week-old embryo shown here, the head (bottom, left) can be
distinguished.
The heart beats, and limb buds of the arms and legs are visible.
The placenta develops at this stage and provides the embryo with nutrients
from the mother.
The four-week-old embryo measures about 5 mm (about 0 .2 in) from crown
to rump.
 Week Eight

After eight weeks of development, all the rudimentary

structures of a human have formed, and the embryo passes into
the fetal stage of development.
The fetus shown here floats in the watery amniotic fluid, which
is contained by the transparent, tough, amniotic membrane.
The amniotic fluid acts as a shock absorber, preventing damage
to the developing fetus.
The eight-week-old fetus measures about 30 mm (about 1.2 in)
from crown to rump.
 IMPLANTASI PADA BEBERAPA TERNAK

Spesies Kebunting-an Aktivitas (hari setelah Ukuran

awal ovulasi) uterus (cm)

(hari) awal komplet

Sapi 16 - 17 28 - 32 40 - 45 -

Domba 12 - 13 14 - 16 28 - 35 10 - 20

Babi 10 - 12 12 -13 25 - 26 s/d 100

Kuda 14 -16 35 - 40 95 -105 6-7

Blastulation
Gap Junctions
Inner Cell Mass Zona Pellucida
(ICM)

Trophectoderm
Na +
[Na ]
+

H2O

Tight Junctions
 Hatching

 Bovine, 9 - 11 days
 Equine, Ovine, 7 - 8 days
 Porcine, 6 days
Conceptus Growth
Occurs in cow

• Day 15, 1-2

mm
• Day 18-19, 10-
20 cm
 Uterine Location of Elongating Ruminant
Blastocyst

Corpus
Luteum
Bovine and Ovine
 Pig Intrauterine Migration

Day 5
 Pig Intrauterine Migration

Day 7
 Pig Intrauterine Migration

Day 12

Transuterine migration is
Embryos become rare in cow and ewe!
fixed
 Trans-uterine Migration in the Mare
Begins Day 10

Fixation can occur in Fixation on

either horn! day 15 - 16

Corpus
Luteum
 Gastrulation
Inner Cell Mass
Trophectoderm

Formation of Germ
Endoderm
Layers
Gastrulation

Endoderm
Endoderm

Yolk Sack
Gastrulation

Endoderm
Endoderm

Yolk Sack
Gastrula
Ectoderm
Trophectoderm

Endoderm
 Gastrula
Ectoderm Mesoderm
Extraembryonic
Coelom

Yolk Sack

Endoderm Trophectoderm
(Chorion)
 ORGANOGENESIS
Pembentukan organ-organ tubuh
 Germ Layers

 Ectoderm  Mesoderm  Endoderm

 CNS  » Digestive
Circulatory
» Liver
 Sense organs  Skeletal » Lungs
 Mammary glands  Muscle » Pancreas
 Sweat glands  Reproductive
» Thyroid gland
 tracts » Other glands
Skin
 Hair  Kidneys
 hooves  Urinary ducts
Pregnancy Diagnosis

• No Return to Estrus.
• Clinical Methods.
• Laboratory Methods
The Choice of Methods depend:

• Spesies
• Stage of gestation
• Cost
• Accuracy
• Speed of diagnosis
 1. No Return to Estrus

• During pregnancy, the conceptus inhibits the regression of the corpus luteum
(CL) and prevents the animal from returning to estrus.
• So the corpus luteum continues to secrete the hormone progesterone.
• Because it is known that the hormone progesterone is needed to maintain
pregnancy.
• In the hormone regulatory system, that progesterone also plays a role in
inhibiting FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary. So there is no follicular growth
and estrogen hormone synthesis does not occur
2. Clinical Methods of pregnancy diagnosis.
Is detection of the:
conceptus (fetus), fetal membrans and fetal fluids

The methods include:

a. Rectal Examination
b. Radiography
c. Ultrasonic Technique
 a. Rectal Examination

• Is the accepted methods of pregnancy diagnosis in the: cow, mare, buffalo.

• Procedur : the uterus is palpated through the rectal-wall to detect the uterine
enlargement occurring during pregnancy, and the fetus or fetal membranes.
• In goats and sheep use rectal abdominal palpation technique.
Rectal Palpation
operator assistant

operator’s hand
Pregnancy diagnosis Pregnancy diagnosis
in the Cow by rectal palpation in the Mare by rectal palpation
A = day 70 D = day 40
B = day 90 E = day 60
C = day 110
 b. Radiography

• Can be used in determining pregnancy in sheep, goats and swine.

• Identification of the fetal skeleton on an X-ray plate.
• Among disanvantage can be applied during the last third of gestation, high cost, it
poses a radiation hazard to the operator.
 c. Ultrasonic Techniques
(Ultrasonography)

Ultrasonography is a type of equipment that can record very weak sounds.

Ultrasound wave are inaudible to the human ear and operate frequency
of 1-10 MHz (Mega-Hertz).
Two (2) types of ultrasound are employed in veterinary medicine :
DOPPLER PHENOMENON and PULSE-ECHO PRINCIPLE
 DOPPLER PHENOMENON

• Sound wave striking a moving object are reflected to the transmitting source at a slighty altered
frequency.
• The ultrasonic fetal pulse detector that is the doopler phenomenon consist of a transducer and
amplifier.
• Movement of the fetal heart, blood flow in the fetal (umbilical vessels) or mThe transducer/probe,
when applied to the animals-abdominal wall or inserted into the rectum, emits a narrow beam of
high frequency waves (ultrasonic).
• aternal (uterine artery) circulation alter the frequency of these waves, which are reflected back to
the probe.
• Where they are converted in to audible sound and amplified (earphone/speaker) or illuminated
(osciloloscope)
 PULSE-ECHO PRINCIPLE

• B-Mode
• The major components of an ULTRASOUND MACHINE are: electrical pulse
generator, transducer/probe, scan converter, video display.
• The reflection of these waves from tissue surfaces on reaching the transducer
produces an electrical signal that is processed by scan converter and displayed
on a video monitor.
Basic Component of Ultrasound Machine
 3. Laboratory Methods

• Vaginal Biopsy, change of cell morphology and structure before and after gestation
• Imunologic Diagnosis, Detection of cytokines (produced by leukocytes) can promote
preimplantation development.
• Pregnancy Associated Subtance, expose EPF (Early Pregnancy Factor)
• Hormones. Example :
• Measurement of progesterone concentration on plasma or milk after 22-23 insemination
or mating in cow. Measurement of estrogen concentration on urine of animals gestation.
Thank You