Geography

Chapter:3
Section:1
Questions and answers
 Chapter.4 Section.1 Pg. 27
Q.1 Brief Answers.
i. The characteristics of deserts or dry lands are sparse vegetation, limited sources of
water, topography like sand dunes, and the presence of nomadic populations.
ii. Wind erosion refers to the process by which the wind transports and erodes soil, sediment,
and other materials from one location to another.
iii. The removal of loose soil particles from the ground by wind is called deflation. In the process
of deflation, the wind can lift soil up to the hieght of thousands of metres.
Q.2 Detailed Answers.
i.
 Loess:
Wind can carry fine materials like sand, silt, and clay for hundreds of kilometres and deposit it in
the form of thick sheets or blankets.
 Sand dunes:
A sand dune is a mound of loose sand deposited and shaped by the wind when it blows the sand
against an obstacle or blockage. The sand keeps piling up and forms a dune.
ii.
a. Sandblasting:
In desert areas the powerful wind lifts loose particles into the air or rolls
them along the ground. In this process the silt, clay, sand, and small rock
fragments move across the surface and act on the exposed rocks,
polishing and cutting the faces of the rocks. This is called sandblasting.
b. Yardang:
The landforms created by sandblasting are called yardangs.
c. Deflation:
The removal of loose soil particles from the ground by the wind is called
deflation.
d. Desert pavement:
A surface layer of closely packed or cemented pebbles, rock fragments, etc., from
which fine material has been removed by the wind in arid regions
 Q.2 Pg.33
i. Waves are most commonly caused by wind . The amount of energy in a wave
depends on its height and wavelength as well as the distance over which it breaks.
ii.
i. Headlands:
Wave energy erodes soft , weak rocks like shale and clay, while hard rocks like granite, limestone,
and conglomerate resist erosion . As a result, an irregular coastline forms. The outward sections
are called headlands.
ii. Sea cliffs:
Wave erosion of headlands produces sea cliffs which are steep slopes formed as a result of
undercutting and mass wasting by wind and waves.
iii. Wave-cut platform:
A wave-cut platform or terrace is a horizontal bed of rock formed as a result of wave erosion.
iv. Sea stacks:
Sea stacks are formed when waves erode the headlands from behind.
iii. Beaches form as a result of accumulation of sand and gravel. They are
characterized by the swash, which is a powerful wave that causes movement of
sand and gravel onto the beach, and the backwash, which is opposite of a swash.
iv. Erosional landforms are landforms created due to the process of erosion. On the
contrary, depositional landforms are created because of deposition processes.
Chapter.4 SECTION.1 Pg.38
The world of oceans
Q.1: Brief answers
i. Strait:
A strait is a narrow waterway which joins two larger bodies of water.
Isthmus:
An isthmus is a narrow piece of land separating two bodies of water
and connecting two larger bodies of land.
ii. Bay is a broad inward-curving area of sea
which is enclosed by land. The Bay of Bengal,
located along the coasts of India, Bangladesh,
and Myanmar is an example of bay.
iii. Island:
An island is a land which is surrounded by water on
all sides.
Peninsula:
The word peninsula refers to an area of land which
is surrounded on three sides of water.
Q.2: Detailed answers
i.
1. Pacific Ocean
2. Atlantic Ocean
3. Indian Ocean
4. Antarctic Ocean
5. Arctic Ocean
Pacific Ocean:
The Pacific Ocean is the biggest ocean in the world. Its total area 155.55 million sq km which is 42% of the
total water surface of Earth . It joins the Arctic Ocean in the North and Antarctic Ocean in the South.
Atlantic Ocean:
Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest ocean in the world . Its total area is 106,460,000 million sq km which
is about 29% of Earth's total water surface area . The Atlantic Ocean extends from Arctic Ocean in the
North to the Antarctic Ocean in the South .
Indian Ocean:
The Indian Ocean is the world's third-largest ocean . It is located between Africa, the Antarctic Ocean,
Asia, and Australia. Its total area is 73.56 million sq km which is about 20% of Earth's total water surface .
Its average depth is 3890 m.
 Chapter.4 Section.2 Pg.41
Q.1 Brief answers
i. Guyot. Seamounts are formed from undersea volcanoes.
ii. The Marianas Trench, located in the Pacific Ocean near the Philippines.
iii. A unit of length equal to six feet (1.8 meters), mainly used in reference to the
depth of water.
iv. Continental selves are major fishing grounds.
v. In the tropical seas and oceans.
Q.2 Detailed answers.
i.
ii. Generally, several long, submarine mountain
ranges called oceanic ridges exist at the center of the
ocean floor. The ridges were formed by the
movements of tectonic plates, causing an upward
flow of magma from the Earth's interior.
Chapter.4 Section.3 Pg.47
Q.1 Brief answers.
i. Waves are generated by the force of wind which transports energy into
waves.
ii. The horizontal movements of water generate surface currents.
iii. The density of water depends on the temperature of the water.
iv. Spring Tides and Neap Tide.
Q.2 Detailed answers:
i. Ocean currents are the regular movements of huge masses of
water in particular directions. The factors that generate oceanic
currents are:
 wind
 differences in temperature
 differences in density
 shape of the continents
ii. Tides are the periodic rise and fall of water. Tides are generated
as a result of the gravitational relationship of the Earth, The
moon, and the Sun, and the gravitational pull of the Moon and
Sun on the Earth.
iii. Spring tide:
Neap Tide:
 Chapter.4 Section.1 Pg.51
Natural disasters
Q.1 Brief answers.
i. People living on the mountain slopes of Japan, Indonesia, The
Philippines, Hawaii, etc. are in great danger as a large number of active
volcanos are located in these places.
ii. The temperature of lava is generally around 1100 degrees Celsius.
iii. When enough magma builds up in the magma chamber, it forces its
way up to the surface and erupts, often causing volcanic eruptions.
iv. A landslide is a down-slope movement of rocks and debris under the
influence of gravity.
Q.2 Detailed answers.
i. Volcanic activity: Refers to the eruption of volcanoes, where molten rock
(magma), ash, and gases are released from beneath the Earth's surface, due to
displacement of Earth's tectonic plates, Magma composition, etc.
Volcanic eruption: It is considered a serious environmental hazard causing loss of
human life, burning of trees, destruction of property, climate change and vibration
leading to earthquakes.
ii. Causes of landslides include slope instability, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, human
activities, and climate change.
Landslides can be prevented or reduced by:
 stopping the felling of forests on mountain slopes; the roots of trees hold the soil
in place
 stopping the grazing of animals on mountain slopes because grasses protect soil
from run-off
 avoiding the construction of roads, houses, etc. on mountain slopes
 constructing retaining walls and pitching across mountain slopes
iii. The areas in Pakistan most threatened by landslides include
the northern regions (Gilgit-Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa),
Azad Kashmir, Murree Hills, Balochistan, and Swat Valley.
These areas have steep slopes, fragile geological formations, and
experience heavy rainfall, making them prone to landslides.
Chapter.5 Section.2 Pg.55
i. Drought is defined as a period of dryness. It can be short or long generally refer
to the absence of rainfall which adversly affects human life and action.
ii. Methods to reduce desertification:
 Avoid excessive grazing by animals so as not to deplete vegetation.
 Stop excessive felling of trees and encourage new planting.
 Stop excessive pumping of groundwater for irrigation. Loss of water resources
can create desert conditions.
iii. Floods cause massive destruction. Not only many lives lost, floods also
lead to the spread of water-borne diseases and epidemics.
iv. Methods to control floods:
 The most important method to control and reduce the occurrence of
floods is the construction of dams on rivers.
 Construction of embankments along the banks of rivers can protect
farmland and human settlements from floods.
 Cutting down forests on river flood plains must be stopped because
trees slow the flow of flood water and prevent the erosion of land and
embankments.
 Effective co-ordination among flood monitoring and rescue
organizations is required to evacuate people from flood risk areas and
provide assistance.
Q.2 Detailed answers.
i. The three main types of floods are:
1. Riverine flood:
As name implies, riverine floods occur when river water overflows its banks.
2. Coastal floods:
Coastal floods take place when storms at sea drive huge waves inland, and also if
rain causes flooding in delta or estuary regions, adding to the coastal water.
3. Flash floods:
Flash floods are rapid and severe floods that occur within a short period of time,
typically within six hours of heavy rainfall or other intense water-related events.
ii. During a drought, water resources for drinking purposes as
well as farming activities are depleted. Drought severely affects
the ground of local vegetation. In the absence of food, animals
become weak, and some of them die. Due to lack of food
resources famine is the immediate result of drought in some
African countries like Sudan, Somalia, and Ethiopia, and in some
South Asian countries like India, Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan.
Ethiopia, Sudan, Niger, Somalia, and Cameroon were the worst-
affected by famine during the period from 1980 to 2000. Millions
of people were affected and thousands of people and their
livestock died. For a long period of time the populations of these
countries were dependent on the United Nations food supply
programme.
 Chapter.5 Section.3 Pg.61
Q.1 Brief answers.
i. Natural disasters are natural phenomena that cause extensive damage
to people and property.
ii. Natural disasters like Landslides, Droughts, Floods, Tropical cyclones,
Tornadoes, Forest fires, Earthquakes occur in Pakistan.
iii. There are several causes of forest fires. Hot, dry weather, lightning, and
friction are natural causes of forest fires. Human negligence also causes
forest fires.
iv. Cyclone: A tropical cyclone that forms over the South Indian Ocean or South Pacific Ocean.
Typhoon: A tropical cyclone that forms over the Northwestern Pacific Ocean, typically in
Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands.
Hurricane: A tropical cyclone that forms over the Atlantic Ocean or Eastern Pacific Ocean,
commonly affecting the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and eastern coast of the United States.
Q.2
i. The tectonic plates deep below the Earth's surface are all moving in
different directions and speed. Sometimes these plates crash together, or
slide past each other. These actions produce vibrations in the Earth's
surface and release huge amounts of energy rapidly. This is called an
Earthquake.
Destruction it can cause:
Extensive loss of life, and damage to building structures.
Landslides and avalanches.
Deformation of landforms and the formation of new land features.
Sinking of land and formation of new lakes.
Emergence of land and formations of islands in the seas. For example, in
the Awaran earthquake 2013 an island emerged near Gwadar in
Balochistan.
ii. Cyclones can cause destruction through
strong winds, heavy rainfall, storm surges,
and flooding. This can result in damage to
buildings, infrastructure, coastal areas, and
agricultural lands. The impact includes
structural damage, power outages,
displacement of populations, and erosion of
coastal areas.