COVALENT

BONDS
PRESENTED BY: GROUP 3
.

CONTENTS OF THE PRESENTATION

1. Formation of Covalent Bonds
2. Formulas of Molecular Compounds
3. Lewis Structure of Molecules
4. Molecules of Elements
5. Molecules of Compounds
6. Structure and Properties of Molecular Compounds
7. Strength of Covalent Bonds
8. Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
9. Geometry of Molecules
10. Polarity of Compounds
 1.
FORMATION OF
COVALENT BONDS
 . .

COVALENT BONDS
➥ are formed when atoms reach
stability by sharing electrons(rather
than fully gaining or losing them)

➥ mostly occur between nonmetals or

between two of the same elements
REMEMBER !!!
The more electrons that are shared
between two atoms, the shorter
and stronger their bond will be.
 .

FORMULAS OF
2. MOLECULAR
COMPOUNDS
RULES FOR WRITING FORMULAS
OF MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
1. Write the element symbol for both elements.
2. Place a subscript after element according to
its prefix.
NOTE: Don’t write the subscript 1.
. .
 3.
LEWIS STRUCTURE
OF MOLECULES
 . .

LEWIS STRUCTURE
➥ was named after Gilbert N. Lewis
➥ was introduced in his 1916 article
called “The Atom and The Molecule”
➥ extend the concept of the electron
dot diagram by adding lines between
atoms to represent shared pairs in a
chemical bond.
 . .

LEWIS STRUCTURE
➥ is a very simplified representation
of the valence shell electrons in a
molecule.
➥ used to show how the electrons
are arranged around individual atoms
in a molecule.
 . .

LEWIS STRUCTURE
➥ electrons are shown as “dots”
or for bonding electrons as a line
between the two atoms.
➥ the Octet Rule is the basis for
Lewis Structures.
 . . . .

GUIDELINES USED IN WRITING

THE LEWIS STRUCTURE
1. Draw the skeletal structure of the
molecule putting bonded atoms next
to each other. In general, the least
electronegative atom occupies the
central position.
 . . . .

GUIDELINES USED IN WRITING

THE LEWIS STRUCTURE
2. Count the total number of valence
electrons from all the atoms in the
structure. Add electrons corresponding
to the charge for negative ions;
subtract electrons corresponding to the
charge for positive ions.
 . . . .

GUIDELINES USED IN WRITING

THE LEWIS STRUCTURE
3. Distribute the valence electrons to
the non-central atoms such that these
atoms fulfill the octet rule. Remaining
electrons are assigned to the central
atom. Remember that bonds are
equivalent to 2 electrons.
 . . . .

GUIDELINES USED IN WRITING

THE LEWIS STRUCTURE

4. If the valence electrons are

not enough, multiple bonds may
be performed.
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 .

MOLECULES
4.
OF ELEMENTS
 . . .

A molecule of an element forms

when two or more atoms of the
same type bond together. The ratio
of atoms in a molecule remains
constant, influencing the properties
of the element.
 . . . . .

Examples:
Oxygen (O2) and Hydrogen (H2).
Molecules can be monatomic, diatomic,
triatomic, or polyatomic, depending
on the number of atoms they contain.
Understanding chemical structures helps
to explore the properties of elements.
 5.
MOLECULES OF
COMPOUNDS
 . . .

A combination of two or more atoms of

different types is called a molecule of
the compound. This means molecules of
compounds have atoms of two or more
different chemical elements.
 . . . . .

Examples:
Methane, water, carbon dioxide,
ammonia etc. We can further classify
them on the basis of the number of
atoms present in the molecule.
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 .

STRUCTURE AND
6. PROPERTIES OF
MOLECULAR
COMPOUNDS
 .

Molecular compounds are formed

when two or more nonmetal atoms
bond together through covalent
bonds. Covalent bonds involve the
sharing of electrons between atoms.
STRUCTURE
•The structure of a molecular compound
is determined by the arrangement of
atoms within a molecule and the type of
bonding that holds the atoms together.
•The structure of a molecular compound
is often represented using Lewis
structures or molecular diagrams.
STRUCTURE
•One important concept in molecular
compound structure is the octet rule.
•Molecular compounds can exist as
simple molecules, where the atoms are
connected by single, double, or triple
bonds.
STRUCTURE
•Molecular compounds can also form
more complex structures, such as
chains, rings, or three-dimensional
structures. These structures can arise
from the arrangement of atoms and
the nature of the bonding..
STRUCTURE

• The presence of lone pairs of

electrons on atoms can influence the
structure of a molecular compound.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE

➥ Intermolecular forces are the

attractive forces that exist between
molecules.
 . . . .

PROPERTY

• Relatively lower melting point and

boiling point than ionic compounds.
• Not good conductors of electricity.
• Generally, less soluble in water
than ionic compound .
 . . . .

PROPERTY

• Molecular compounds tend to be

gases and liquids at room
temperature; and those that are
solids are soft and pliable.
 7.
STRENGTH OF
COVALENT BONDS
STRENGTH OF COVALENT BOND
- the strength of covalent bond is
the amount of energy it takes to
break it
BOND ENTHALPY
- is your energy change and it's the
amount of energy that it takes to
break a bond
- also represents the amount of
energy stored in a bond between
atoms within a molecule
.
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.

.
 .

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
8. AND BOND POLARITY
ELECTRONEGATIVITY

- is a measure of the pull an atom

has on the electrons in its bonds
- the smaller the size the higher the
electronegativity
 Periodic table electronegativity
increases across a period from left to
right and up a group from the bottom
to the top this excludes the noble
gases as they are unreactive.
Most electronegative elements
in the periodic table are:

-N
-O
-F
-Cl
 METALS

- have the lowest

electronegativity
 The smaller the size the
higher the electronegativity.
LINUS PAULING
- “the power of an atom in
a molecule to attract
electrons to itself “
- - the higher the
electronegativity of an
element the more that atom
will attempt to pill electrons
towards itself and away
from any atom it bonds to.
 EXAMPLES:

⇢ Fluorine – small size, highest

⇢ Francium – big size, lowest
 . . . .

BOND POLARITY

- the bond polarity depends on the

electronegativities of the bonded
atoms.
 . . . .

TWO TYPES OF BOND POLARITY

1. POLAR BOND - unequal distribution of

charges, more than 0.5
2. NON-POLAR BOND - equal distribution
of charges, less than 0.5
LINUS PAULING EQUATION:
∆X = XB - XA
 10.
POLARITY OF
COMPOUNDS
 . . . .
POLARITY

- refers to the physical properties of

compounds such as boiling point,
melting point, and their stabilities.
- mainly arises from the act between
molecules and atoms with various
electronegativities.
 . . . .

CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLARITY

1. POLAR MOLECULES - is usually formed

when the one end of the molecule is said
to possess more positive charges and
whereas the opposite end of the molecule
has negative charges, creating an
electrical pole.
 . . . .

CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLARITY

2. NON-POLAR MOLECULES - a molecule

which does not have the charges present
at the end due to the reason that
electrons are finely distributed and those
which symmetrically cancel out each
other
REMEMBER !!!
- If bond is polar, then the molecule
can either be polar or non-polar.
- If bond is non-polar, then the
molecule is automatically non-polar.