1

ELECTRIC SUPPLY

2
 SEQ

1. Estimates
2. Designing
3. Billing of DISCO
4. Electricity Act 1910
5. NEPRA Rules
6. Auth free Elec Units
7. Plant Record Book
8. Cantt Gazetteer
9. Blub Register
10. Fan Register
11. Cable Designing
12. Lumen / LUX of Lights
13. Transformer and Gen Designing
3
 TOPIC TO BE COVERD

14. Full Load test for Trf and DG set

15. Types of Breakers
16. CT and PT Ratio
17. Protection Relay for VCBs /LT Panel
18. Types of Lights
19. HT and LT Termination materials
20. Parallel operation of Trf and DG set
21. Power Factor (KVAR) calculation
22. Safety measures for line working
23. Types of O/H conductor
24. HT/LT cable fault tracing
25. Calculation of Cable Conductor dia
26. Earth Testing
4
 TOPIC TO BE COVERD
27. VCB Testing
28. Extra Low Voltage System
29. Types of Motor
30. Causes of Low Voltage Sys
31. Demerits of low Voltage
32. Types of Fuses
33. Types of Transformers
34. Types of Insulations
35. Classes of Insulations
36. What is IP (Ingress Protection)
37. Types of Alternator
38. Servo Motor
39. Types of Batteries
5
 TOPIC TO BE COVERD

40. Capacitors
41. Multiplying Factor in Elec Bills
42. Types of Instruments
43. Earth Importance and Types of Earthing
44. Lightning Protection

6
 S/NO.1 ESTIMATES
Estimates – RI 201/04

1. Planning of Works.
Procedure for planning of works for the three services is laid down in PAO No.
885/59, PAF Order No. 86 and Fleet Orders No. A-7/78, A- 1/82 and A-2/82 .
2. Siting Boards
1. Preliminary Information.
2. Preliminary Site Plan
3. Advice and Guidance to Siting Board
3. Preparation of Estimates
4. Project Estimate
5. Technical Sanction.
6. Administrative Sanction.
7. Contracts.
8. Deviations on Contracts.
7
 S/NO.1 ESTIMATES
Estimates –DSR 274 to 285
Guess Estimate
Para 275 - The Guess Estimate is intended to give a rough idea of the cost in order to
determine within whose powers the project lies, and to enable the CFA to decide
whether the proposal should be accepted in principle.

Indication of Cost
Para 276/277 - The Indication of Cost may be called for by the competent authority
through his engineer adviser. The estimate will ordinarily be furnished by, or obtained
through MES channels from the engineer officer who will be charged with the
execution of the work.

Where the cost of the work is enhanced owing to political or other abnormal reasons.
The estimated amount of the extra cost should be shown separately in the indication
of cost.
Project Estimates (PAFW-1842)
Para 278 - Detailed Estimates which give estimated measurements, quantities and
rates, and are prepared at rates given in the MES Standard Schedule of Rates on
PAFW-1840 abstracted into a convenient form on PAFW-1842.
8
 S/NO.1 ESTIMATES
Estimates –DSR 274 to 285

Completion of the work

Para 281 - On completion of the work the cost of the above charges will be distributed
between the various items of the work in assessing the capital value for purposes of
Record.

Accuracy of Project Estimates

Para 282 - The engineer officer who prepares it, is responsible that the Project Estimate
is as accurate as possible in the circumstances. He will decide on the amount of detail
to be submitted in support of the costs quoted in the estimate.

Variable Charges
Para 283 - Indications of cost and Project Estimates will invariably include the following
items :—
(1) Contingencies at 5 per cent.
(2) Establishment Charges at 2 per cent.

Blank
Para 284 & Para 285 blank
9
 S/NO.2 DESIGNING
1. SITTING OF BOARD
Setting Board has been decided the actual req of work Line Plan of area and user
recommendations.

2. PREPARATIONS OF ESTIMATE
In estimation it has determined the cost of Work.

3. PROJECT ESTIMATE AND TECH SANACTION

As the preparation of project estimate is taken in hand before technical and
administrative sanction accorded. It is important that no Project Estimate (PE) is
undertaken without nec approval of competent auth.

4. TECHNICAL SANCTIONS
Technical sanctioned will be accorded by the competent engineering auth on the first
page of project estimate/minor estimate the project / minor work as whole.

5. ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS
Administrative sanction (Approval) will be issued by competent finical authority after
the tech sanction has been accorded on the project estimate.

10
 S/NO.2 DESIGNING

6. CONTRACT
After sanction of technical and administrative ,tech auth decided who to contract has
been made according to the power of contract as per MES Regulation Table ‘B;

7. SITTING OF BOARD
Setting Board has been decided the actual req of work Line Plan of area and user
recommendations.

8. DEVIATION OF CONTRACT
If the change of specification and scale up to 10 % before and after contract
nec approval req from competent tech and adm auth who accorded for tech
and adm sanction. If the req more than 10 % then nec revised technical and
administrative sanction will be necessary.

11
 S/NO.3 BILLING OF DISCO
Following are the distribution companies (DISCOs) operating in Pakistan:
1. Faisalabad Electric Supply Company (FESCO)
2. Gujranwala Electric Power Company (GEPCO)
3. Hub Power Company (HUBCO)
4. Hyderabad Electric Supply Company (HESCO)
5. Sukkur Electric Power Company (SEPCO)
6. Islamabad Electric Supply Company (IESCO)
7. K-Electric (formerly KESC)
8. Kot Addu Power Company (KAPCO)
9. Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO)
10. Multan Electric Power Company (MEPCO)
11. Peshawar Electric Power Company (PESCO)
12. Quetta Electric Supply Company (QESCO)
13. Tribal Electric Supply Company (TESCO)
12
 S/NO.3 BILLING OF DISCO
Surcharge @ GST @ Electric
Energy Variable NJS
FAS Per 10.40% Addl 17% on Duty @ 7% Overall
Charges Per Charges 0.10
Slab Unit (Energy Surcharge Variable on Energy rate per
unit (2+3+4+5 (paisa)
(Paisa) Charges + per Unit Charge Charges Unit
(Paisa) ) Per Unit
FAS) (6) (Paisa)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11

1 to 50 0.61 - 0.06344 1.32656 2.00 0.34 0.10 0.0427 2.4827

51 to 100 0.41 0.49 0.0936 4.07964 5.79 0.9843 0.10 0.0287 6.903

101 to 200 0.58 0.49 0.0936 6.9464 8.11 1.3787 0.10 0.0406 9.6293

201 to 300 0.58 0.49 0.11128 10.9087 12.09 2.0553 0.10 0.0406 14.2859

301 to 700 1.51 0.49 0.208 13.792 16.00 2.72 0.10 0.1057 18.9257

Above 700 1.88 0.49 0.24648 15.38352 18.00 3.06 0.10 0.1316 21.29

0.0081
Commercial 2.70 - 0.2808 15.0192 18.00 3.06 0.10 21.17
(3%)

13
 S/NO.3 BILLING OF DISCO
BILL CALCULATION

100 Units 100 x 6.903 = Rs. 690.30 = Rs. 690.30

200 Units 100 x 6.903 = Rs. 690.30

100 x 9.6293 = Rs 962.93 = Rs. 1653.00

300 Units 200 x 9.6293 = Rs. 1925.86

100 x 14.2859 = Rs. 1428.59 = Rs. 3354.00

450 Units 300 x 14.2859 = Rs. 4285.77

150 x 18.9257 = Rs. 2838.85 = Rs. 7125.00

700 Units 300 x 18.9257 = Rs. 5677.71

400 x 14.2859 = Rs. 5714.36 = Rs. 11392.00

14
 S/NO.3 BILLING OF DISCO

OFFR’s REBATE: FREE UNITS:

ENERGY OFFICERS 50%

UNIT Cat Summer Winter
CHARGES REBATE

1 to 100 0.41 0.21 JCO 50 30

101 to 200 0.58 0.29 OR 18 23
201 to 300 0.58 0.29 NCsE 10 14
301 to 700 1.51 0.75 BOQs 40 40
Above 700 1.88 0.94

UNDER TARIFF A-1 & A-2, LOCK/ MIN CHARGES

(A1)
a. Single Phase Connections: Rs. 75/ per consumer per month
b. Three Phase Connections: Rs. 150/- per consumer per
month
(A2)
c. Single Phase Connections: Rs. 175/ per consumer per
month
d. Three Phase Connections: Rs. 350/- per consumer per 15
 S/NO.4 ELECTRICITY ACT 1910
ELECTRICITY ACT -1910
An Act to amend the law relating to the supply and use of electrical energy. Whereas it is
expedient to amend the law relating to the supply and use of electrical energy and it has
following chapters. Passed in Pakistan Gazette, Extraordinary, dated the 1st June, 1951.
PART I - PRELIMINARY
PART II - Supply of Energy Licenses
a) Works
b) Supply
PART III - Supply, Transmission and Use of Energy by Non-
Licensees
PART IV - General Protective Clauses
c) Administration and Rules
d) Criminal Offences and Procedure
e) Supplementary Clause
f) The Schedule
g) Security and Accounts
h) Compulsory works and supply
i) Charges
j) Testing and Inspection
k) Plans
l) Additional notice of certain works
16
 S/NO.4 ELECTRICITY ACT 1910
DSR 1998 AND ELECTRICITY ACT -1910
Para 720 - The Electricity Act, 1910, together with its subsequent amendments,
wherever applicable, is binding on MES installations. Section 3(2) (a) of this Act
provides that a local Government shall not grant a license to supply electric energy in
any station in occupation for military purposes without reference to the E-in-C.

Para 721 - The responsibilities of the MES for Defence Installations for the supply of
electric energy, water refrigeration, and for consuming apparatus connected therewith,
are laid down in the succeeding paras.

Para 722 - Where the term “Industrial Plant” is used, it covers any authorized plant,
machinery, specialist and scientific apparatus, or other consuming apparatus which is
not provided by the MES in accordance with Defence Services Accommodation Scale
but which is used or required by the arm, department or service concerned to enable it
to carry out its function.
“The MES will provide, erect, maintain and operate the supply installation and all consuming apparatus,
including industrial plant (if any). They will construct and maintain all foundations for machinery, etc. and
any other works connected with the consuming apparatus attached to the structure of the building, etc.
The expenditure involved will be debited to the appropriate MES heads of account of the Service
concerned. The department or service may erect, maintain and/or operate any supply installation and/or
consuming apparatus, which is the responsibility of the MES at the request of and as the agent of the
MES. The expenditure will be met by, and the responsibility will remain with the MES. Such
arrangements may be made locally between representatives of the MES and the department or service
concerned” 17
 S/NO.5 NEPRA RULES
NEPRA RULES
2.10 NEPRA Tariff Standards and Procedure Rules, 1998
2.1.1 Amendment in NEPRA Tariff Standards and Procedure Rules, 1998
2.2 NEPRA Licensing (Distribution) Rules, 1999
2.3 NEPRA Licensing (Generation) Rules, 2000
2.4 NEPRA (Fees) Rules, 2002
2.5 NEPRA (Fines) Rules, 2002
2.5.1 Amendment in NEPRA (Fines) Rules, 2002
2.6 NEPRA Performance Standards (Distribution) Rules, 2005
2.6.1 Amendment in NEPRA Performance Standards (Distribution) Rules, 2005
2.7 NEPRA Performance Standards (Transmission) Rules, 2005
2.7.1 Amendment in NEPRA Performance Standards (Transmission) Rules, 2005
2.8 NEPRA Performance Standards (Generation) Rules, 2009
2.9 NEPRA (Uniform System of Accounts) Rules, 2009
2.9.1 Amendment in NEPRA (Uniform System of Accounts) Rules, 2009
2.9.2 Part -I: Templates of regulatory accounts for Generation Companies (MS Excel Workbook)
2.9.3 Part -II: Templates of regulatory accounts for Transmission Companies (MS Excel Workbook)
2.9.4 Part -III: Uniform chart of accounts for Distribution Companies (MS Excel Workbook)
2.10 NEPRA (Market Operator Registration, Standards and Procedure) Rules, 2015
2.10.1 Amendment in NEPRA (Market Operator Registration, Standards and Procedure) Rules, 2015
2.11 NEPRA Complaint Handling and Dispute Resolution (Procedure) Rules, 2015
18
 S/NO.6 AUTH FREE ELEC UNITS
AUTH FREE EECTRIC UNITS OF QTA CANTT
Qtr and Rent 1985 and Defence services Accn Scale 2000
 Free auth of Electric Units will be based and calculated as Quarter and Rent
Book 1985 Para 83 to 93 & DSAS 2000 Para 1

 Generally all Services Chief, Corps Comds, Lt Gen, AFNS Messes, Officers
Cadits, Religious Teachers, Mil Hosp, Workshops, Offices, Security Fences/
Walls, Units Mosque, SM Bks, Qtr Guard , Stores , Telephone Exchanges ,,
Offrs Messes , Cook Houses and Dinning Halls , Bath rooms , and Lav Blks etc
are free for electricity at specific scale.

 A board of offrs will assemble by Sta HQ and Fix the scale of free electricity at
the base of inventories.

Auth Units in (M)

Ser Qta Cantt
Summer Winter

1 Elec Units 4.027 (M) 3.900 (M)

19
 S/NO.7 PLANT RECORD BOOK
Plant Record Book
PAFW – 2208 - will be maintained for each Installation. The verification of plant record will
be carried out annually by any E&M officer to be detailed by CMES and certified rendered
on 31st Jul by CMES that this has been done giving the date of verification at each
installation to the respective DW&CE.
PAFW 2208
PLANT RECORD BOOK

Interest Depreciation
Capital
Page No Item No Description Remarks
Cost
Percentage Total Percentage Total

20
 S/NO.8 CANTT GEZETTEER

Cantt Gazetteer updated Cantt Gazetteer updated

upto 2016-17 upto 2017-18
Ser Svcs Remarks

Yes No Yes No
Updating of Cantt
Gazetteer is in under
1 Electric Yes
preparation and will be
completed ASP.

21
 S/NO.9 BLUB REGISTER
Blub Register
PAFW – 1773 Blub account book in which we have maintained the record of received or
issued Blubs, Tube Lights, Energy Severs, Sodium Bulbs, Mercury Lights, LEDs on different
locations. The verification of plant will be carried out annually any E&M officer to be detailed
by CMES and certificate rendered ,on 31st Jul by CMES that this has been done giving the
date of verification at each installation to the respective DW&CE.

PAFW - 1773
No of un No of blub
No and date
The Name of Brocken issued
of the Vr
the Vacuum, stamped without return
125 40 400 100 250 20 24 45 400 Sig of which the
S.No Dt Unit, Bldg. & Other Blub or like of un broken
Watt Watt Watt Blub Blub Watt Watt Watt Watt Receipt damaged
indl whom Wastage stamped blub
has been
issued Road in of like
claimed
exchange wastage

22
 S/ NO.10 FAN REGISTER
Fan and Meter Register
PAFW – 2181 will be maintained for each installation . The instruction regarding the method
of maintaining this record are given in the beginning of the book:-
PAFW 2181
SUPPLY HISTORY

Particulars
Manufactures Size Receipt Disposal Where Installed of repair
and test

without return of un broken stamped blub of like wastage

Intial Initials

te of the vr which the damaged has been claimed

Electric Particular see fly-leaf

Date of Purchase

Initial Cost Rs
Type Name and /or No

Sweep (Amp) (Orifice)

Number and dt of Vr
Indification No

Sig of Receipt
MES. No

Number
Name

and dt of
Vr
SDO Supt SDO Supt G.E

23
 S/NO.11 CABLE DESIGNING
Example of Cable Design
LOAD CALCULATION
FOR MAIN BLDG OF MESS NO .7 AT QTA CANTT
Main Hall No.1
Detail
Ser Description Total (Watt)
Qty Watts
1 LED Lights (Ceiling) 209 12 2,508

A 2 Chandelier 3 150 450

3 Exhaust Fans 34 80 2,720
Total = 5,678
Diversity Factor 80% = 4,542

1 S/Socket 15Amps 26 200 5,200

B
2 S/Socket 05 Amps 39 100 3,900

24
 S/NO.11 CABLE DESIGNING
LOAD CALCULATION
FOR MAIN BLDG OF MESS NO .7 AT QTA CANTT
Main Hall No.1
Detail
Ser Description Total (Watt)
Qty Watts
Floor Standing Unit 5
3 3 8800 26,400
Ton (Per Ton 2200 Watt)
B 4 Spilt AC 1.5 Ton 14 2500 35,000
6 Dispenser 550 W 2 550 1,100
7 Deep Freezer 12 500 6,000
Total = 77600
Diversity Factor 100% = 77600
Total A+ B= 82142 Watts
Total Wattage = 82.142 KW

25
 S/NO.11 CABLE DESIGNING

Step-1:- Cable Size According To Load Current

Calculate load current for a consumer using following formulas

I = KW / (∛ * V * pf )
I = ( 82.142 X 1000 ) / (1.732 X 415 X 0.85 )
I = (82142) / ( 610.963 )
Load Current = 134.45 Amps

Step No-2 :- According to above detail correction factors

1. Ground temperature correction factor (K2) = 0.89

2. Soil correction factor (K4) = 1.05
3. Cable depth correction factor (K5) = 1.00
4. Cable distance correction factor (K6) = 1.00
Total derating factor = K2 * K4 * K5 * K6 * K7
Total derating factor = 0.89 * 1.05 * 1.00 * 1.00
Total derating factor = 0.934
Load Current = 134.45 x 0.934 = 126 Amps

26
 S/NO.11 CABLE DESIGNING

Selection of cable
Voltage Drop of Cable = (m V X I X L) / 1000
mV = Approx Voltage drop /Amps/Meter
I = Current carried per Conductor in Amps
L = Route Length in Meters One Conductor Only
Length = 70Mtrs
Current = 126 Amps
Max permissible Voltage drop = 2-1/2 % of 415 Volts = 10.375 Volts

Max Voltage drop = (10.375 Volts x 1000 ) / (70 Mtrs x 126 Amps )
Max Voltage drop = 1.176 Volts which is near about 10 Voltage drops,
than we chose 0.82 mv from Cable Tables and got
0.7232 Voltage drops

According Cable Charts of Newage

LT Cable 4 Core Copper Conductor 50mm2 Armoured is suitable

27
S/NO.11 CABLE DESIGNING

28
 S/NO.12 LUMEN / LUX OF LIGHTS
WHAT IS LUMEN TI sheet IS-Svcs-278A
The lumen (symbol: lm) is the SI derived unit of luminous flux, a
measure of the total quantity of visible light emitted by a source.
Luminous flux differs from power (radiant flux) in that radiant flux
includes all electromagnetic waves emitted, while luminous flux
is weighted according to a model (a "luminosity function") of the
human eye's sensitivity to various wavelengths. Lumens are
related to lux in that one lux is one lumen per square meter.

29
 S/NO.12 LUMEN / LUX OF LIGHTS
WHAT IS LUX TI sheet IS-Svcs-278A
 The lux (symbolized lx) is the unit of illuminance in the
International System of Units ( SI ). It is defined in terms of
lumen s per meter squared (lm/m 2 ). Reduced to SI base
units, one lux is equal to 0.00146 kilogram per second cubed
(1.46 x 10 -3 kg / s 3 ).

 One lux is the equivalent of 1.46 milli watt (1.46 x 10 -3 W) of

radiant electromagnetic (EM) power at a frequency of 540
terahertz (540 THz or 5.40 x 10 14 Hz), impinging at a right
angle on a surface whose area is one square meter. A
frequency of 540 THz corresponds to a wavelength of about
555 nanometer s (nm), which is in the middle of the visible-light
spectrum.

 The lux is a small unit. An alternative unit is the watt per mete
squared (W / m 2 ). To obtain lux when the illuminance in watts
per meter squared is known, multiply by 683. To obtain watts
per meter squared when the illuminance in lux is known, divide
by 683 or multiply by 0.00146.

30
 S/NO.12 LUMEN / LUX OF LIGHTS
TI Sheet IS-Svcs-278A

31
 S/NO.13 TRANSFORMER AND GEN DESIGNING

TRANSFORMER
 A transformer is static machine which perform High
Voltage into Low Voltage and Low Voltage into High
Voltage with out Changing any Frequency It contains
primary and secondary windings. Primary winding is
connected to main supply and secondary is
connected with required Load.
 DESIGN PARAMETERS
 For designing a transformer, fol are req:
1. Power rating
2. Voltage levels (Primary and Secondary)
3. Currents on both sides
4. Primary and secondary coils wire diameter/size
5. Iron and Copper Losses
6. Numbers of turns (Primary and Secondary)
7. Protecting Relays
8. Temperature rise limits, Temperature limits
9. Cooling, cooling method
10. Sound Level
11. Tap changers (DTC, LTC)
32
 S/NO.13 TRANSFORMER AND GEN DESIGNING
TRANSFORMER LOAD CALCULATION
FOR MAIN BLDG MESS NO .7 AT QTA CANTT
Detail
Ser Description Total (Watt)
Qty Watts
1 LED Lights (Ceiling) 209 12 2508
A 2 Chandelier 3 150 450
3 Exhaust Fans 34 80 2720
Total 5678
Diversity Factor 80% 4542
1 S/Socket 15Amps 26 200 5200
2 S/Socket 5 Amps 39 100 3900
3 Floor Standing Unit 5 3 8800 26400
B Ton (Per Ton 2200 Watt)
4 Spilt AC 1.5 Ton 14 2500 35000
6 Dispenser 550 W 2 550 1100
7 Deep Freezer 12 500 6000
Total Watts 77600
Diversity Factor 100% 77600
Grand Total in Watt (A+B) 82142
Total in KW 82.14
Load in KVA 102.678
Transformer Required 100 KVA

33
 S/NO.13 TRANSFORMER AND GEN DESIGNING

GENERATOR
 A Generator is static machine which convert the
Mechanical Power into Electrical Energy
 DESIGN PARAMETERS
 For designing a Generators, fol are req:
1. Sizing placements
2. Power rating
3. Nos of Turns in Rotors
4. Speed Governing
5. Excitation (Magnetization) Control
6. Copper Losses
7. Engine Auxiliary Systems and Instrumentation
8. Protecting Relays
9. Temperature rise limits, Temperature limits
10. Cooling, cooling method
11. Sound Level
12. Control System
13. Switchgear and Power Distribution
14. Trouble-Shooting System
15. Vibration on Diesel Generators
34
 S/NO.13 TRANSFORMER AND GEN DESIGNING
GENERATO LOAD CALCULATION
FOR MAIN BLDG MESS NO .7 AT QTA CANTT
Detail
Ser Description Total (Watt)
Qty Watts
1 LED Lights (Ceiling) 209 12 2508
A 2 Chandelier 3 150 450
3 Exhaust Fans 34 80 2720
Total 5678
Diversity Factor 80% 4542
1 S/Socket 15Amps 26 200 5200
2 S/Socket 5 Amps 39 100 3900
3 Floor Standing Unit 5 Ton 3 8800 26400
B
4 Spilt AC 1.5 Ton 14 2500 35000
6 Dispenser 550 W 2 550 1100
7 Deep Freezer 12 500 6000
Total Watts 77600
Diversity Factor 100% 77600
Grand Total in Watt (A+B) 82142
Total in KW 82.14
Load in KVA 102.678
Transformer Required 100 KVA
Load for Gen Set @ 80 % of the Cal Load 125 KVA

35
 S/NO. 14 FULL LOAD TEST FOR TRF AND DG SET

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST OF TRANSFORMER

 A full test of Transformer can be determined with short circuit test and purpose of a
short-circuit test is to determine the series branch parameters of the equivalent circuit of
a real transformer.

Method
 The test is conducted on the high-voltage (HV) side of the transformer where the low-
voltage (LV) side or the secondary is short circuited. A wattmeter is connected to the
primary. An ammeter is connected in series with the primary winding. A voltmeter is
optional since the applied voltage is the same as the voltmeter reading. The LV side of
the transformer is short circuited. Now with the help of variac applied voltage is slowly
increased until the ammeter gives reading equal to the rated current of the HV side. After
reaching at rated current of HV side, all three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter
and Watt-meter readings) are recorded. The ammeter reading gives the primary
equivalent of full load current IL. As the voltage applied for full load current in short circuit
test on transformer is quite small compared to the rated primary voltage of the
transformer, the iron losses in transformer can be taken as negligible here.

36
 S/NO. 14 FULL LOAD TEST FOR TRF AND DG SET

PROCEDURE
1. To conduct a short-circuit test on power
transformer:
2. Isolate the power transformer from service.
3. Remove HV/LV jumps and disconnect neutral
from earth/ground.
4. Short LV phases and connect these short
circuited terminals to neutral
5. Energize HV side by LV supply.
6. Measure current in neutral, HV voltage and HV
line currents.
7. Wattmeter indicate total cu loss of the
transformer

37
 S/NO. 14 FULL LOAD TEST FOR TRF AND DG SET

FULL LOAD TEST OF GENERATORS

Step 1
 Check all fluid levels in the generator. Make sure the fuel tank is full, the oil level is
correct, and the radiator or coolant tank is full, if it is a water-cooled generator

Step 2
 Start the generator and allow it to reach normal operating temperature. Watch and listen
for any potential problems or abnormal noises. If any problems are noted, do not
proceed with the test until you take care of them.

Step 3
 Begin connecting the loads, beginning with any large 220 volt loads and adding smaller
110 volt loads until each leg carries 50 percent of the maximum continuous rated load of
the generator. Do not exceed 50 percent on any one leg. If possible, use 220 volt
resistive loads, such as large space heaters or water heaters. They simplify this step
because they apply the load to each leg equally.

38
 S/NO. 14 FULL LOAD TEST FOR TRF AND DG SET

FULL LOAD TEST OF GENERATORS

Step 4
 Check the amperage of each leg with the ammeter, and check the voltage from each leg
to neutral with the VOM set to read AC volts. For a 110/220 volt single phase generator,
the voltage of each leg should fall between 105 and 125 volts, and the current should be
half of the rated watt output divided by the voltage, for each leg. For example, if the
voltage from each leg to neutral is 117 volts loaded, and the generator is rated at 10
kilowatts continuous, each leg should be loaded to 5000 divided by 117 or approximately
42 amperes. If one or both legs drops below 105 volts at full load, the generator has
failed the test and needs repair.
Step 5
 Monitor the generator while maintaining this load for the duration of the test. Watch for
overheating, listen for unusual noises, and monitor the output. If a problem develops,
shut the generator down quickly to minimize damage, and repair the generator before
returning it to service.
Step 6
 Remove the loads gradually at the conclusion of the test, and allow the generator to run
under light load for one hour. Remove all loads five to ten minutes before shutting the
generator down

39
 S/NO.15 TYPES OF BREAKERS
TYPES OF BREAKERS

1. Air Circuit Breaker

2. Oil Circuit Breaker

3. Vacuum Circuit Breaker

4. SF-6 Circuit Breaker

5. Miniature Circuit Breaker

a) Single Pole Circuit Breaker

b) Double Pole Circuit Breaker

6. Moulded Case Circuit Breaker

40
 S/NO.15 TYPES OF BREAKERS
1. AIR CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) is an electrical device used to
provide Overcurrent and short-circuit protection for
electric circuits over 800 Amps to 10K Amps. Air circuit
breaker is circuit operation breaker that operates in the
air as an arc extinguishing medium, at a given
atmospheric pressure. There are several types of Air
circuit breakers and switching gears available in the
market today that is durable, high-performing, easy to
install and maintain. The air circuit breakers have
completely replaced oil circuit breakers.
2. Oil Circuit Breaker
3.Oil circuit breaker is such type of circuit breaker which
used oil as a dielectric or insulating medium for arc
extinction. In oil circuit breaker the contacts of the breaker
are made to separate within an insulating oil. When the
fault occurs in the system the contacts of the circuit
breaker are open under the insulating oil, and an arc is
developed between them and the heat of the arc is
evaporated in the surrounding oil.
41
 S/NO.15 TYPES OF BREAKERS
3. VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is a device that, interrupts an electric
circuit to prevent unwarranted current, caused by a short
circuit, typically resulting from an overload. Its basic
functionality is to interrupt current flow after a fault is
detected. To know more about Circuit breakers read this
article Types of Circuit Breaker and Its Importance. A
vacuum circuit breaker is a kind of circuit breaker where
the arc quenching takes place in vacuum medium. The
operation of switching on and closing of current carrying
contacts and interrelated arc interruption takes place in a
vacuum chamber in the breaker which is called vacuum
interrupter.
4. SF-6 Circuit Breaker
Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers protect electrical power
stations and distribution systems by interrupting electric currents,
when tripped by a protective relay. Instead of oil, air, or a
vacuum, a sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6) gas to cool and quench the arc on opening a
circuit. Advantages over other media include lower operating
noise and no emission of hot gases, and relatively low
maintenance.
42
 S/NO.15 TYPES OF BREAKERS

5. MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER

An MCB or miniature circuit breaker is an electromagnetic
device that embodies complete enclosure in a molded
insulating material. The main function of an MCB is to
switch the circuit, i.e., to open the circuit (which has been
connected to it) automatically when the current passing
through it (MCB) exceeds the value for which it is set. It
can be manually switched ON and OFF as similar to
normal switch if necessary.

6. MOULDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER

The traditional molded-case circuit breaker uses
electromechanical (thermal magnetic) trip units that may
be fixed or interchangeable. An MCCB provides
protection by combining a temperature sensitive device
with a current sensitive electromagnetic device.

43
 S/NO.16 CT AND PT RATIO

1. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
CTs, are transformers used to step down the current level of
high-power transmission systems to measure or monitor the
current levels. CTs are required because standard current
measuring devices are not configured to measure high-current
levels. As a consequence, engineers use CTs to step down the
current levels to measure it. Once measured, they use the
current transformer ratio, or CT ratio, to calculate the actual
current from the measured current.

2. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
The potential transformer may be defined as an instrument
transformer used for the transformation of voltage from a higher
value to the lower value. This transformer step down the voltage
to a safe limit value which can be easily measured by the
ordinary low voltage instrument like a voltmeter, wattmeter and
watt-hour meters, etc.

44
S/NO.16 CT AND PT RATIO

45
 S/NO.16 CT AND PT RATIO
C.T RATIO
The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary to secondary. A 1000:5 CT will provide
an output current of 5 amperes when 1000 amperes are flowing through its primary winding. Standard
secondary current ratings are 5 amperes or 1 ampere, compatible with standard measuring
instruments. It is used to step down current for metering purposes for the safety of the equipment's as
well as operator.
Load Calculation of Feeder
Sanctioned Load = 840 KW
H.T Voltage = 11000 Volts
Power Factor = 0.9
Current = to be calculated
P = 3 X V X I X Cos
I = P / 3 X V X Cos
I = (840 X 1000) / (1.732 X 11000 X 0.9)
Current = 50 Amps

P.T RATIO
The PT is typically described by its voltage ratio from primary to secondary. A 600:120 PT will provide
an output voltage of 120 volts when 600 volts are impressed across its primary winding. Standard
secondary voltage ratings are 120 volts and 70 volts, compatible with standard measuring
instruments.

46
 S/NO.17 PROTECTION RELAY FOR VCBS / LT PANNEL

PROTECTION AND CONTROL RELAY

A control & relay panel is designed to provide to

control the associated line or transformer through
outdoor switchgear at various 11KV and 33KV zonal
substations. The control & Relay panels are
complete in themselves with all main and auxiliary
relays, annunciation relay, fuses, links, switches,
wiring, labels, terminal blocks, earthing terminals,
base frame, foundation bolts, illumination, cable
glands etc. These panels are used for the control &
monitoring of electrical equipment's such as
transformers, generators and circuit breakers. Indoor
Control panel for Outdoor VCB includes IDMT
(Inverse Definite Minimum Time) Numerical relay,
Master Trip Relay, Trip circuit Supervision Relay,
Indications & meters etc. These control & Relays
panels are available in various combinations as
single circuit or multi-circuit depending upon the
customer requirements.
47
 S/NO.19 TYPES OF LIGHTS
TYPES OF LIGHTS AND LAMPS
1. Incandescent Lamp
2. Compact Fluorescent Lamp
3. Halogen Lamp
4. Metal Halide Lamp
5. Fluorescent Tube
6. Neon Lamps
7. High Intensity Discharge Lamps
8. LED Lights
9. Mercury Lamps
10. Sodium Lamps
1. Incandescent Lamp
An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent
light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a
high temperature that it glows with visible light (incandescence).
The filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or fused
quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or a vacuum. In a halogen
lamp, filament evaporation is slowed by a chemical process that
redeposit metal vapor onto the filament, thereby extending its life.

48
 S/NO.19 TYPES OF LIGHTS
2. Compact Fluorescent Lamp
A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact
fluorescent light, energy-saving light, and compact fluorescent
tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent
light bulb; some types fit into light fixtures designed for
incandescent bulbs. The lamps use a tube which is curved or
folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a
compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.

3. Halogen Lamp
A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-
halogen or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp
consisting of a tungsten filament sealed into a compact
transparent envelope that is filled with a mixture of an inert gas
and a small amount of a halogen such as iodine or bromine.
The combination of the halogen gas and the tungsten filament
produces a halogen cycle chemical reaction which redeposit
evaporated tungsten to the filament, increasing its life and
maintaining the clarity of the envelope.

49
 S/NO.19 TYPES OF LIGHTS

4. Metal Halide Lamp

A metal-halide lamp is an electrical lamp that
produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous
mixture of vaporized mercury and metal halides
(compounds of metals with bromine or iodine). It is a
type of high-intensity discharge (HID) gas discharge
lamp.

5. Fluorescent Tube
A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low-
pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that
uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric
current in the gas excites mercury vapor, which
produces short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes
a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to glow.

50
 S/NO.19 TYPES OF LIGHTS

6. HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP

High-intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps) are a type of
electrical gas-discharge lamp which produces light by means of
an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a
translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc
tube. This tube is filled with noble gas and often also contains
suitable metal or metal salts. The noble gas enables the arc's
initial strike. Once the arc is started, it heats and evaporates the
metallic admixture. .

7. LED LIGHTS
An LED street light is an integrated light that uses light emitting
diodes (LED) as its light source. These are considered
integrated lights because, in most cases, the luminaire and the
fixture are not separate parts. In manufacturing, the LED light
cluster is sealed on a panel and then assembled to the LED
panel with a heat sink to become an integrated lighting fixture.

51
 S/NO. 19 HT AND LT TERMINATION MATERIALS

TERMINATIONS
Termination kit should be pre-moulded dry type for indoor and
outdoor use suitable for rapid installation and disconnection. It
should be suitable for 11 KV distribution system with a min
short circuit rating of 25 KV and for use in adverse climatic
conditions and ambient temperatures. Relative humidity may
range to 100%.
OUTDOOR TERMINATIONS
1. Cable lugs ,( Cooper .Aluminum or Bi-Metal)
2. Sealing End caps, EPDM Semi conductor
3. Skirts EPDM grey ( Insulator)
4. Stress release cone EPDM
5. Earthling Devices
6. Jubilee Clip and main earth wire
7. Three core HS Boot
8. PVC Tape
9. Silicone Grease
10. Self amalgamating tape or HS tube
11. Semi Conducting Tape of black color to protect core
against ultra violet sun rays
52
 S/NO. 19 HT AND LT TERMINATION MATERIALS

INDOOR TERMINATIONS
1. Lugs,( Cooper .Aluminum or Bi-Metal)
2. Introducing cap
3. Skirts EPDM grey ( Insulator)
4. Stress relief cone made from semi conducting
5. EPDM rubber
6. Semi Conducting Tape
7. Self amalgamating tape
8. Silicone Grease
9. Earthling Devices
10. PVC Tape
11. Jubilee Clip and main earth wire

53
 S/NO.20 PARRALLEL OPERTAION OF TRF AND DG SET
Parallel Operation of a Transformer
The Transformer is said to be in Parallel Operation when their primary windings are
connected to a common voltage supply, and the secondary windings are connected to a
common load. The connection diagram of the parallel operation of a transformer is shown in
succeeding slide.

Reason of Parallel power Transformer systems

1. It is impractical and uneconomical to have a single large transformer for heavy and large
loads. Hence, it will be a wise decision to connect a number of transformers in parallel.

2. If the transformers are connected in parallel, so there will be scope in future, for
expansion of a substation to supply a load beyond the capacity of the transformer
already installed.

3. If there will be any breakdown of a transformer in a system of transformers connected in

parallel, there will be no interruption of power supply, for essential services.

4. If any of the transformer from the system is taken out of service for its maintenance and
inspection, the continuity of the supply will not get disturbed.

54
 S/NO.20 PARRALLEL OPERTAION OF TRF AND DG SET
Necessary Conditions For Parallel Operation
For the satisfactory parallel operation of the
transformer, the two main conditions are necessary.
One is that the Polarities of the transformers must be
same. Another condition is that the Turn Ratio of the
transformer should be equal.

The other two desirable conditions are as

follows:-
1. The voltage at full load across the transformer
internal impedance should be equal.

2. The ratio of their winding resistances to

reactance's should be equal for both the
transformers.

3. This condition ensures that both transformers

operate at the same power factor, thus
sharing their active power and reactive volt-
amperes according to their ratings.
55
 S/NO.20 PARRALLEL OPERTAION OF TRF AND DG SET
Parallel Operation of a Generators
The easiest way to setup a parallel system is to use generators that are exactly alike, or at
least have the same output rating and alternator pitch. Another flexible approach to backing
up your power requirements is to have two or more generators of variable output. In either
scenario, these can be connected in parallel with paralleling switchgear to achieve maximum
output during peak requirement or the desired minimal output during other times..

Benefits of Parallel power Generators systems

1. Reliability
2. Expandability
3. Flexibility
4. Ease of maintenance and serviceability
5. Cost-effectiveness and Quality Performance

Operation of Parallel Power Generators systems

6. The prime mover of the generator has to bring the speed of the shaft close to the
rated speed of the generator.

7. The excitation of the generator has to be increased to give a no-load output voltage
as close as possible to the existing bus voltage
56
 S/NO.20 PARRALLEL OPERTAION OF TRF AND DG SET
Operation of Parallel Power Generators systems
3. Observe the lights which are connected across the switches: they should beat, first
get brighter and then dim as the phasors for generator and bus respectively shift.

4. If the 3 lights beat concurrently, the phase sequence is correct, else if lights beat out
of phase, one pair of phases should be reversed.

5. Adjust now the prime mover to slowly increase/decrease the speed of generator 2.
One should observe a slow beat of the light brightness.

6. When the lamps beat slowly, the switches should be closed when the lights are
extinguished (line-line voltage at minimum).be increased to give a no-load output
voltage as close as possible to the existing bus voltage

57
S/NO.20 PARRALLEL OPERTAION OF TRF AND DG SET

58
 S/NO.21 POWER FACTOR (KVAR) CALCULATION
POWER FACTOR KVAR CALCULATION
The following formula calculates power factor (PF) based on KW and KVA or KW and KVAr.
Input Load KW and Load KVA into Calculator-1, or Load KW and Load KVAr into Calculator-
2, below to calculate Load Power Factor, Power Factor Angle, Load KVAr and Load KVA.
After inputting the first two variables, the required kVAr (Capacitors added) to correct the
load to a desired power factor can be calculated along with a Compensated KVA and total
Reduction in KVA. Note that KW will remain constant when correcting power factor by
adding capacitors. The KVA Reduction is what would be expected when adding power factor
correction capacitors.

59
S/NO.21 POWER FACTOR (KVAR) CALCULATION

60
 S/NO.22 SAFETY MEASURES FOR LINE WORKING
Overhead Electrical Lines
1. While you switch off supply and proceed to do repairs in the line or circuit, doubly ensure
that no one else should be able to switch it on.

2. After opening the AB switch, if you want to undertake any work, lock the mechanism.
Only you should be able to release the lock after the work is over.

3. When you handle tall objects, look up, and see whether there are power lines.

4. While moving tall 4-legged ladders ensure the absence of power lines on the way.

5. Do not use abnormal force in electrical works. The tools such as cutting pliers and
screwdrivers must be properly insulated.

6. Before undertaking any work, particularly at a height of, say even 3 meters or more,
inspect thoroughly for the presence of power supply lines overhead and take extra
precautions while working under them.

7. We have front and side vision only. Whenever any lengthy/tall objects/machines are to be
moved we should look up towards the sky and see whether there are power lines above.

61
 S/NO.22 SAFETY MEASURES FOR LINE WORKING
Overhead Electrical Lines
6. It is wisdom to expect the unexpected. Always think of natural forces, which may affect
the supply line and take appropriate preventive action to protect yourself. Even if the
supply is temporary, take all the care as though it is permanent.

7. Do not undertake any work particularly with long wires or rods or pipes underneath a
power line.

8. Ground clearance from the power line is to be maintained as per I.E. rules. Children
should not be allowed to play with electric supply systems.

9. Do not assume things before undertaking repairs in electrical systems. Make yourself
sure by asking as many people as possible in case of even a small doubt.

10. A line tester is the cheapest testing device for LT supply. A good tester in the pocket, and
its use whenever undertaking work in electrical systems, will save your valuable life.

11. Never neglect the street light wire in overhead lines. Also never be over confident that
supply will not be resumed. Power supply may come any time. The safest way is to test
and ascertain that there is no supply. Use earth rods and work.

62
S/NO.22 SAFETY MEASURES FOR LINE WORKING

63
S/NO.22 SAFETY MEASURES FOR LINE WORKING

64
 S/N O.23 TYPES OF O/H CONDUCTOR
TYPES OF OVER HEAD CONDUCTOR
There are four major types of overhead conductors used
for electrical transmission and distribution.

1. AAC - All Aluminum Conductor

2. AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor
3. ACSR - Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced
4. ACAR - Aluminum Conductor Aluminum-Alloy
Reinforced
5. Copper Conductor
AAC - All Aluminum Conductor
 This type is sometimes also referred as ASC (Aluminum
Stranded Conductor). It is made up of strands of EC
grade or Electrical Conductor grade aluminum. AAC
conductor has conductivity about 61% IACS
(International Annealed Copper Standard). Despite
having a good conductivity, because of its relatively
poor strength, AAC has limited use in transmission and
rural distribution lines. However, AAC can be seen in
urban areas for distribution where spans are usually
short but higher conductivity is required.
65
 S/N O.23 TYPES OF O/H CONDUCTOR
AAAC : All Aluminum Alloy Conductor
These conductors are made from aluminum alloy 6201
which is a high strength Aluminum-Magnesium-Silicon alloy.
This alloy conductor offers good electrical conductivity
(about 52.5% IACS) with better mechanical strength.
Because of AAAC's lighter weight as compared to ACSR of
equal strength and current capacity, AAAC may be used for
distribution purposes. However, it is not usually preferred for
transmission. Also, AAAC conductors can be employed in
coastal areas because of their excellent corrosion
resistance.
ACSR : Aluminum Conductor, Steel Reinforced
ACSR consists of a solid or stranded steel core with one or
more layers of high purity aluminum (aluminum 1350) wires
wrapped in spiral. The core wires may be zinc coated
(galvanized) steel or aluminum coated (aluminized) steel.
Galvanization or aluminization coatings are thin and are
applied to protect the steel from corrosion. The central steel
core provides additional mechanical strength and, hence, sag
is significantly less than all other aluminum conductors. ACSR
conductors are available in a wide range of steel content - from
6% to 40%.
66
 S/N O.23 TYPES OF O/H CONDUCTOR

Aluminum Conductor, Alloy Reinforced

ACAR conductor is formed by wrapping strands of high purity
aluminum (aluminum 1350) on high strength Aluminum-
Magnesium-Silicon alloy (6201 aluminum alloy) core. ACAR
has better electrical as well as mechanical properties than
equivalent ACSR conductors. ACAR conductors may be used
in overhead transmission as well as distribution lines

Copper Conductor
The electrons can move freely through the metal. For this
reason, they are known as free electrons. They are also
known as conduction electrons, because they help copper to
be a good conductor of heat and electricity. ... When an
electric current flows in a wire, the electrons move through the
wire.

67
 S/NO.24 HT/LT CABLE FAULT TRACING
FOLLOWING ARE THE TYPES OF CABLE FAULTS
Commonly Found In the underground Cables.

Open-Circuit Faults: Open circuit fault is a kind of fault that

occurs as a result of the conductor breaking or the conductor being
pulled out of its joint. In such instances, there will be no flow of
current at all as the conductor is broken (conveyor of electric
current).

Short-circuit or cross fault: This kind of fault occurs when the

insulation between two cables or between two multi-core cables
gets damaged. In such instances, the current will not flow through
the main core which is connected to load but will flow directly from
one cable to another or from one core or multi-core cable to the
other instead. The load will be short circuited.

Ground or earth faults: This kind of faults occurs when the

insulation of the cable gets damaged. The current flowing through
the faulty cable starts flowing from the core of the cable to earth or
the sheath (cable protector) of the cable. Current will not flow
through the load then
68
 S/NO.24 HT/LT CABLE FAULT TRACING
FOLLOWING ARE THE TYPES OF CABLE FAULTS
TRACING
1. Blavier Test (For a Single Cable Faults)
2. Murray loop Test
3. Varley loop Test.
4. Earth Overlap Test
5. Potential Fall Test
6. Open Circuit Test
7. Impulse Current Method
8. ARM Arc Reflection Method
9. Combined Acoustic and Magnetic Method
Causes of Cable Faults
Faults in cables are mostly caused by dampness in the paper
insulation of cables. As a result, it may damage the lead sheath
which protecting the cable. Lead sheath can be damaged in many
ways. Most of them are the chemical action of soil on the lead
when buried, mechanical damage and crystallization of the lead
through vibration.
69
 S/NO.25 CALCULATION OF CABLE CONDUCTOR DIA

HOW TO CAL DIA OF ELECTRIC CABLE

Cable dia = (n) π/4 (dia)²

N stand for Total number of strands
D stand for dia of a single strands
Suppose
Total No of Strands = 37 Nos
Dia of Single strand = 2.031 mm

Cable dia = (37) x 0.785 x (2.031 x 2.031)

Cable dia = (37) x 0.785 x (4.127)
Cable dia = (37) x 3.241

Cable dia = 120 mm

70
 S/NO.25 CALCULATION OF CABLE CONDUCTOR DIA

Cable Dia = (n) π/4 (dia)²

 N stand for Total number of strands

 D stand for dia of a single strands

LET,s WE HAVE CALCULATE OF DIA OF CABLE.

Total No of strands = 37 Nos
Dia of Single strand = 2.031 mm
Cable Dia = (n) π/4 (dia)²
Cable Dia = (37) x 0.785 x (2.031 x 2.031)

Cable Dia = (37) x 0.785 x (4.127)

Cable Dia = (37) x 3.241

Cable Dia = 120 mm ²

LT 4 Core Cable 120 mm ²

71
 S/NO.26 EARTH TESTING

EARTH TESTING
 The term “ground” is defined as a conducting connection by which a circuit or equipment is
connected to the earth. The connection is used to establish and maintain, as closely as
possible, the potential of the earth on the circuit or equipment connected to it. A “ground”
consists of a grounding conductor, a bonding connector, its grounding electrodes, and the
soil in contact with the electrode.

 The ground resistance value for maintenance purposes should preferably not exceed 01
ohms when installed and should be inspected by qualified personnel once every two years
in dry weather only. Results of inspections and tests shall be recorded and available upon
an inspector’s request.

 All ground rods should be 5/8 of an inch (15.875 mm) or larger in diameter, circular, solid
steel rods with a copper cladding, each 10 feet (3 metres) long. Rods should be plainly and
permanently marked with manufacturer’s name, rod length and nominal rod diameter.
Length markings should be within the top 12 inches of the rod to permit determining length
after installation. Connectors can be of the compression, impact or exothermic welded
connection and made of a low resistance copper alloy containing not less than 80% copper.
To prevent a tripping hazard, ground rods should be buried below ground level and covered
with ground electrode boxes for easy access for inspection.

72
 S/NO.26 EARTH TESTING
 The most reliable post-installation testing procedure involves the fall-of-potential (three-
point) method. With the help of a digital ground resistance meter, two auxiliary electrodes
are driven into the soil at predetermined distances - as per testing specifications - in a
straight line from the ground rod under test. The meter supplies a constant current between
the ground rod being tested and the most remote electrode. The Three Point Vibro ground,
with a range of at least 0 to 300 ohms, shall be used to perform these tests. Manufacturer’s
instructions for using this instrument must be followed.

73
 S/NO 27. VCB TESTING
TYPES OF VCB TESTING
1. Contact Resistance Test
2. Insulation Resistance Test
3. Dielectric withstand voltage test
4. Earth Fault Test
5. Phase to Phase Short Circuit Test
6. Over Load Test
7. Contact Resistance Test
 The main contacts and primary stabs need to be checked
periodically to detect abnormal wear, inadequate
lubrication, and loose pivot points inside the circuit
breaker. Poorly maintained or damaged contacts can
cause arcing, single phasing, and electrical fires.
 Electrical resistance of the circuit breaker's primary circuit
is calculated by measuring the voltage drop across the line
and load terminals for each phase. This test should be
performed using a low voltage, direct current (DC) power
supply (low-resistance ohmmeter) to pass current from
line to load, with the circuit breaker in the closed position.
 Test current should be equal to the rating of the circuit
breaker or 100 amperes
74
 S/NO 27. VCB TESTING
2. Insulation Resistance Test
 This test should be performed using a megoh metter
phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground with the breaker in
the closed position, as well as across the open contacts
for each phase. Use the manufacturers recommended test
voltage and acceptance values for this test. When no
factory recommendations are available, NETA
Maintenance Specifications may be used.

3. Dielectric Withstand Voltage Test

 This is basically a hipot test. Dielectric withstand picks up
where insulation resistance left off; it's used to detect
tracking, deterioration, and moisture in the insulation
system.

 The use of an AC high potential test set is recommended

when testing medium-voltage circuit breakers. Always use
test voltages specified by the manufacturer. When
recommendations are not available, or not provided, NETA
Maintenance Specifications can be used.
75
 S/NO.28 EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
Extra Low Voltage (ELV)
ELC is an electricity supply voltage in a range which
carries a low risk of dangerous electrical shock. There are
various standards that define extra-low voltage. The
International Electro technical Commission member
organizations and the UK IET (BS 7671:2008) define an
ELV device or circuit as one in which the electrical
potential between conductor or electrical conductor and
earth (ground) does not exceed 50 V a.c. or 120 V d.c.
(ripple free). EU's Low Voltage Directive applies from 50 V
a.c. or 75 V d.c

Safety by extra low voltage SELV is used in situations

where the operation of electrical equipment presents a
serious hazard (swimming pools, amusement parks, etc.).
This measure depends on supplying power at extra-low
voltage from the secondary windings of isolating
transformers especially designed according to national or
to international (IEC 60742) standard. The impulse
withstand level of insulation between the primary and
secondary windings is very high, and/or an earthed metal
screen is sometimes incorporated between the windings.
76
S/NO.28 EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM

77
 S/NO.29 TYPES OF MOTOR
ELECTRIC MOTORS
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy.

TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS

a) A.C Motors
a) Synchronous Motor
b) Induction Motor
c) Linear Motor

b) D.C Motor
a) Brushless Motor
b) Brush Motor
a) Series Wound
b) Shunt Wound Motor
c) Linear Wound Motor
d) Servo Motor
e) Separate Excited Motor
f) Compound Wound Motor
78
S/NO.29 TYPES OF MOTOR

79
 S/NO.30 CAUSES OF LOW VOLTAGE SYS
CAUSES OF LOW VOLTAGE
1. Overloading, as one of the common
reasons for low voltage
2. Faulty Wiring
3. Distance is a reason of diminishing
voltage
4. Imbalance in wires affects the
distribution of power
5. Poor wiring /equipment's condition
6. Natural calamities affect wiring
7. Fluctuating power supply
8. Sage Variation
9. Faulty Power Lines due to growth of
tree, birds nest and climbing Vines
etc
10. Grounding & Earthing unawareness
80
S/NO.30 CAUSES OF LOW VOLTAGE SYS

81
 S/NO.31 DEMRITES OF LOW VOLTAGE

1. Poor Light Quality

2. Wastage of Energy

3. Wastage of Public Money

4. Increase of Meter Units

5. Burnt out of Electronic Equipment's

6. Burnt of Home Appliances

7. Decrease of Equipment's efficiency

8. Decrease of Lamp Life

9. Versatility and Variation

82
 S/NO.32 TYPES OF FUSES
TYPES OF FUSES
1. A.C Fuse
• High Voltage Fuse
1. HRC Fuse
2. D Link Fuse
3. Explosion HV Fuse
2. D.C Fuse
1. Low Voltage Fuse
1. Rewire able Fuse
2. Strike Fuse
3. Switch Fuse
4. Drop out Fuse
5. Cartridge Fuse

83
S/NO.32 TYPES OF FUSES

84
 S/NO.33 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
1. Transformers Based on Voltage Levels
a. Step Up Transformers
b. Step Down Transformers
2. Transformer Based on the Core Medium Used
a. Air Core Transformer
b. Iron Core Transformer
3. Transformers Based on Winding Arrangement
a. Auto Transformer
4. Transformers Based on Usage
a. Power Transformer
b. Distribution Transformer
c. Measurement Transformer
d. Protection Transformers
5. Transformers Based on the Place of Use
a. Pole Mounted
b. Bed Mounted etc.
6. Transformers Based on the Phase
a. Three Phase Transformers
b. Single Phase Transformers

85
 S/NO.33 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
TYPES OF INSULATORS

1. Pin type Insulators

2. Suspension Type Insulator

3. Strain Type Insulators

4. Shackle Type Insulators

5. Stay Insulator

6. Spool Insulator

7. Double Disk Insulator

86
 S/NO.34 TYPE OF INSULATION
CLAY (CERAMIC)(PORCELAIN)
This is the standard material for high voltage and RF insulators.

Plastics -
PVC, HDPE and other plastics replaced rubber as an insulator
for wires and other parts. PVC and nylon are now standard in
most types of wire.

Glass
This material worked fine for telegraph and other low voltage
apparatus. It is still used today to some degree.

Paper/Cardboard
Paper and cardboard are used as insulators in certain
circumstances as these materials are cheap and can work in
situations without high heat or high voltages.

Mica
This is a good stable material even when exposed to the
elements. It is a good thermal conductor while being an
insulator. Sheet mica is easily stamped and shaped for
electrical components 87
 S/NO.34 TYPE OF INSULATION

Teflon
Slippery, durable and resistant to corrosion this
Dupont made material is used in cable jackets.
Other forms besides PTFE include FEP and
ETFE.

PFA
This substance is resistant to chemical attack,
transparent and better than PTFE when it
comes to flexibility. The weakness is that the
number of times it can be folded is less than
PTFE. It is good for applications near the ocean
as it is resistant to salt spray. The dielectric
strength of PFA is up to 4 times higher than
PTFE.

Rubber
Rubber in its natural and synthetic forms was
used as an insulator. Plastics (especially PVC)
replaced rubber.
88
 S/NO.35 CLASSES OF INSULATIONS

Insulation Insulation Average Winding Hot Spot Maximum Winding

Rating Class Temperature Rise Temperature Rise Temperature

Class 105 A 55 degree C 65 degree C 105 degree C

Class 150 or
B 80 degree C 110 degree C 150 degree C
130

Class 180 F 115 degree C 145 degree C 180 degree C

Class 200 N 130 degree C 160 degree C 200 degree C

Class 220 H 150 degree C 180 degree C 220 degree C

Note: the maximum acceptable temperature rise based on an average ambient of 30

degree C during any 24 hour period and a maximum ambient of 40 degree C at any time.

89
 S/NO.36 WHAT IS IP (INGRESS PROTECTION)

What's an IP Rating?
An IP Rating, in basic terms, is
the level of protection provided by
an enclosure against solid
objects, liquids, and mechanical
impacts.

An IP Rating usually has two

numbers:

First number
Protection from solid objects or
materials

Second number
Protection from liquids (water)

A third number representing

protection against mechanical
objects can be included but is
commonly omitted.
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S/NO.36 WHAT IS IP (INGRESS PROTECTION)

91
 S/NO.37 TYPES OF ALTERNATOR
TYPES OF ALTERNATOR
Alternators or synchronous generators can be
classified in many ways depending upon their
applications and designs.
According to application these
machines are classified as-
1. Automotive Type
Used in modern automobile.
2. Diesel Electric Locomotive Type
Used in diesel electric multiple unit.
3. Marine Type
Used in marine.
4. Brush Less Type
Used in electric power generation plant as
main source of power.
5. Radio Alternators
Used for low brand radio frequency
transmission.

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S/NO.37 TYPES OF ALTERNATOR

93
 S/NO.38 SERVO MOTOR
SERVO MOTOR
 Servo motors can be used in many ways from
helping your robots walk, to moving remote-
controlled boats, or cars. Servos range in size
from miniature for small projects to larger
sizes for industrial purposes. Servos are
constructed from these basic parts; a motor
and a potentiometer that are connected to the
output shaft and a control board.

 The output shaft can be positioned to specific

angular positions by sending the servo a
coded signal. Servos are used in radio
controlled airplanes to position control
surfaces like the elevators and rudders. The
motors are small, have built in control circuitry
and have good torque for their size

94
 S/NO.39 TYPES OF BATTERIES
BATTERY
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more
electrochemical cells with external connections provided
to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smart
phones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying
electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its
negative terminal is the anode.

TYPES OF BATTERIES
1. House Hold Batteries

a. Lead Acid Gel

b. Lithium-ion(Li-Ion)
c. Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd)
d. Nickel Metal Hydride
2. Industrial Batteries
a. Absolute
b. Large Flooded Cell
c. Nickel Iron
d. Wet Nickel Cadmium (NiCd)
e. Steel Case 95
 S/NO.39 TYPES OF BATTERIES
3. Non Rechargeable Batteries
a. Alkaline & Carbon Zinc
b. Lithium (Primary)
c. Mercury
d. Silver Oxide
e. Zinc Air

WET CELL BATTERY

A wet-cell battery is the original type of rechargeable battery. It is commonly found in
aviation, electric utilities, energy storage and cellphone towers. The battery contains a
liquid electrolyte such as sulfuric acid, a dangerous corrosive liquid.
DRY CELL BATTERY
A dry cell uses a paste electrolyte, with only enough moisture to allow current to flow.
Unlike a wet cell, a dry cell can operate in any orientation without spilling, as it contains no
free liquid, making it suitable for portable equipment. By comparison, the first wet cells
were typically fragile glass containers with lead rods hanging from the open top and
needed careful handling to avoid spillage. Lead–acid batteries did not achieve the safety
and portability of the dry cell until the development of the gel battery. Wet cells have
continued to be used for high-drain applications, such as starting internal combustion
engines.
96
 S/NO.40 CAPACITORS
CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that stores potential energy in an
electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as
capacitance. While some capacitance exists
between any two electrical conductors in proximity
in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to
add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was
originally known as a condenser .
Type of Capacitors
1. Ceramic capacitor
2. Electrolytic capacitor
3. Tantalum capacitor
4. Silver Mica Capacitor
5. Polystyrene Film Capacitor
6. Polyester Film Capacitor
7. Metallized Polyester Film Capacitor
8. Polycarbonate Capacitor
9. Polypropylene Capacitor
10. Glass Capacitors
11. Super Capacitor
97
S/NO.40 CAPACITORS

98
S/NO.40 CAPACITORS

99
 S/NO.41 MULTIPLYING FACTOR IN ELEC BILLS

Multiplying Factor
It is the factor that is used to multiply the reading of the
energy meter to get the actual energy consumption.

M.F = Main C.T X Main P.T

Meter C.T Meter P.T

Suppose Calculation
Main C.T = 400 Amps
Meter C.T = 05 Amps
Main P.T = 11000 Volts
Meter P.T = 110 Volts

M.F = (400 / 5 ) X (11000 / 110 )

M.F = 8000

100
 S/NO.42 TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS
TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS
1. Volt Meter
2. Ohm Meter
3. Am Meter
4. Multi Meter
5. Power Supplies
6. Signal Generator
7. Pulse Generator
8. Digital Pattern Generator
9. Oscilloscope
10. Frequency counter
11. LCR Meter
12. TOU Meter
13. Energy Meter
14. MDI Meter
101
 S/NO.43 EARTH IMPORTANCE AND TYPES OF EARTHING
Why Earthing is Necessary
The grounding system serves three primary functions which are listed below
 Personnel Safety
Personnel safety is provided by low impedance grounding and bonding between
metallic equipment, chassis, piping, and other conductive objects so that currents,
due to faults or lightning, do not result in voltages sufficient to cause a shock hazard.
Proper grounding facilitates the operation of the overcurrent protective device
protecting the circuit.
 Equipment and Building Protection
Equipment and building protection is provided by low impedance grounding and
bonding between electrical services, protective devices, equipment and other
conductive objects so that faults or lightning currents do not result in hazardous
voltages within the building. Also, the proper operation of overcurrent protective
devices is frequently dependent upon low impedance fault current paths
 Electrical Noise Reduction
Proper grounding aids in electrical noise reduction and ensures:
1. The impedance between the signal ground points throughout the building is
minimized.
2. The voltage potentials between interconnected equipment are minimized.
3. That the effects of electrical and magnetic field coupling are minimized
102
 S/NO.43 EARTH IMPORTANCE AND TYPES OF EARTHING

Type Earthing
There are three types of Eathing
1. Special Earthing
2. Ordinary Earthing
Different Terms used in Electrical Earthing
Earth:
The proper connection between electrical installation systems via conductor to the buried
plate in the earth is known as Earth.
Earthed:
When an electrical device, appliance or wiring system connected to the earth through
earth electrode, it is known as earthed device or simple “Earthed”.
Solidly Earthed:
When an electric device, appliance or electrical installation is connected to the earth
electrode without a fuse, circuit breaker or resistance/Impedance, It is called “solidly
earthed”.
Earth Electrode:
When a conductor (or conductive plate) buried in the earth for electrical earthing system. It
is known to be Earth Electrode. Earth electrodes are in different shapes like, conductive
plate, conductive rod, metal water pipe or any other conductor with low resistance.
103
 S/NO.43 EARTH IMPORTANCE AND TYPES OF EARTHING

Earthing Lead:
The conductor wire or conductive strip connected between Earth electrode and Electrical
installation system and devices in called Earthing lead.

Earth Continuity Conductor:

The conductor wire, which is connected among different electrical devices and appliances
like, distribution board, different plugs and appliances etc. in other words, the wire between
earthing lead and electrical device or appliance is called earth continuity conductor. It may
be in the shape of metal pipe (fully or partial), or cable metallic sheath or flexible wire.

Sub Main Earthing Conductor:

A wire connected between switch board and distribution board i.e. that conductor is related
to sub main circuits.

Earth Resistance:
This is the total resistance between earth electrode and earth in Ω (Ohms). Earth resistance
is the algebraic sum of the resistances of earth continuity conductor, earthing lead, earth
electrode and earth.

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S/NO.43 EARTH IMPORTANCE AND TYPES OF EARTHING

105
S/NO.43 EARTH IMPORTANCE AND TYPES OF EARTHING

106
 S/NO.44 LIGHTNING PROCTECTION
Lightning Protection
 All outdoor structures are prone to possible lightning strikes. Bonding and grounding
provide an electrical connection between the earth and the air terminals of a
lightning protection system. For example, in the event of a lightning strike, the
lightning will preferentially hit the lightning rod and will safely conduct to earth via
the lightning protection system, instead of passing through the building.
Precaution
 Only qualified electrical workers shall install and maintain lightning protection
systems. All electrical work shall comply with the Hot Work Practice.

107
S/NO.44 LIGHTNING PROCTECTION
TYPES OF LPS
RODS OR ‘AIR TERMINALS’
A lightning rod is a tall metallic tip, or pointed
needle, placed at the top of a building. One or more
conductors, often copper strips, are used to earth
the rod. Rods are designed to act as the ‘terminal’
for a lightning discharge.

CONDUCTOR CABLES
Numerous heavy cables placed around the building
in a symmetrical arrangement. This is sometimes
referred to as a ‘Faraday cage’. These cables are
run along the tops and around the edges of roofs,
and down one or more corners of the building to the
ground rod(s) which carry the current to the ground.
This type of LPS may be used for buildings which
are highly exposed or house sensitive installations
such as computer rooms.

108
GROUND RODS
S/NO.44 LIGHTNING PROCTECTION

109
THANKS