Chemsheets As 1087 IR Spectros

Infra-Red
SPECTROSCOPY
INFRA-RED SPECTROSCOPY.
INTERPRETATION OF IR-SPECTRA
11.1.4.36 understand the reasons for absorption of infrared

frequencies by a molecule
11.1.4.37 understand and know the location of the
‘fingerprint region’ and be able to use it to identify
compounds
SUCCESS CRITERIA
 know and understand the principle of operation of the IR
spectrometer;
 - know the principle of the formation of infrared spectra;
 be able to interpret the IR spectra corresponding to the

functional groups and use them to determine organic
compounds;
 be able to work with images of IR spectra of organic
compounds.
 Spectroscopy is engaged in the measurement and interpretation
of spectra that arise as a result of the interaction of
electromagnetic radiation (in the form of energy propagated by
electromagnetic waves) with matter. This applies to the
absorption, emission or scattering of electromagnetic radiation
by atoms or molecules.
 In physics, spectroscopic methods are used to study the various
properties of these interactions. In analytical chemistry, to
detect and determine substances by measuring their
characteristic spectra, that is, using spectrometric methods.
 Atoms, molecules and ions can absorb (or emit)
electromagnetic radiation of specific frequencies, and this
can be used to identify them.
Electromagnetic What the energy is Spectroscopy

radiation absorbed used for technique
Movement of electrons Ultra-violet / visible

Ultra-violet / visible
to higher energy levels spectroscopy
Infra-red
Infra-red To vibrate bonds
spectroscopy
Microwave
Microwaves To rotate molecules
spectroscopy
Radio waves To change nuclear spin NMR spectroscopy
© www.chemsheets.co.uk AS 1087 12-Jul-15

Bond vibrations
• All bonds vibrate at a characteristic frequency.
• There are different types of vibration.
Symmetric stretch Assymmetric stretch Bending
• The frequency depends on the mass of the atoms in the bond,

the bond strength, and the type of vibration.
• The frequencies at which they vibrate are in the infra-red region
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
IR Spectra
• If IR light is passed through the compound, it will absorb some
or all of the light at the frequencies at which its bonds vibrate.
• Wavenumbers (cm-1) are used as a measure of the wavelength

or frequency of the absorption.
Wavenumber = 1
wavelength (cm)
• IR light absorbed is in the range 4000 – 400 cm -1.
• Above 1500 cm-1 is used to identify functional groups.
• Below 1500 cm-1 is used for fingerprinting.
© www.chemsheets.co.uk AS 1087 17-March-2023

Fingerprinting
(below 1500 cm ) -1
• Complicated and contains many signals – picking out

functional group signals difficult.
• This part of the spectrum is unique for every compound, and
so can be used as a "fingerprint".
• This region can also be used to check if a compound is pure.

CH2 C CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3 C CH CH3
CH3
Functional Groups
(above 1500 cm )
-1

N-H
3300-3500 cm-1
C=C
1620-1680 cm-1
CN
O-H (alcohol) 2220-2260 cm-1
3230-3550 cm-1
O-H (acid)
2500-3000 cm-1
C=O
1680-1750 cm-1

C=C hex-2-ene
C=C cyclohexene
Alcohol O-H propan-1-ol
Alcohol O-H butan-2-ol
Acid O-H
ethanoic acid
C=O
Acid O-H
butanoic acid
C=O
C=O propanone
C=O ethyl ethanoate
C=O butanal
propan-1-amine
N-H (propylamine)
N-ethylethanamine
N-H (diethylamine)
CN butanenitrile
CN 2-
methylpropanenitrile
Identify the
Functional Groups

Alcohol O-H
C=O
C=O
acid O-H
Alcohol O-H
C=O
alcohol O-H
C=O
C=C
C=O
acid O-H
C=O
C=C
CN
alcohol O-H
IR Problems 1

P
Q
R
S
T
U
IR Problems 2

propanoic acid, butanone, 2-methylbut-2-ene, 1-hydroxypropanone, butan-2-ol
propanoic acid
butan-2-ol
butanone
1-hydroxypropanone
2-methylbut-2-ene
IR Problems 3
hex-2-ene butanal
pentane butanoic acid
methylpropan-1-ol propyl ethanoate
2-methylpentan-3-one nitrobenzene

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
               

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
               

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
%T
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
               

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
               

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
               

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
               

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
               

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
               
O
 propyl ethanoate CH3 C O CH2 CH2 CH3
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30 C=O C-O
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
               
CH3 O
 2-methylpentan-3-one CH3 CH C CH2 CH3
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
C=O
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
               

CH3
methylpropan-1-ol CH3 CH CH2 OH
95
90
85
80
75
70 O-H
65
60
55
%T
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
               
 nitrobenzene NO2
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25 C-H
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
               
 pentane CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
C-H
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
               
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
O
 butanal CH3 CH2 CH2 C H
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
C-H C=O
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
               

O
butanoic acid CH3 CH2 CH2 C O H
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
O-H
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
               
 hex-2-ene CH3 CH CH CH2 CH2 CH3
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45 C-H C-H
40
35
30 C=C
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
               
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
IR Problems 4

F
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
G
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
1
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
2
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
3
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
%T
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
Most IR spectra are from the SBDS data base
IR Problems 5

1
N–H
2
CN
3
Acid O-H C=O

4
C=C
5
C=O
6
N-H C=O
7
O-H
alcohol
8
O-H C=C
alcohol

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Infra-Red

11.1.4.36 understand the reasons for absorption of infrared

 be able to interpret the IR spectra corresponding to the

Electromagnetic What the energy is Spectroscopy

Movement of electrons Ultra-violet / visible

Radio waves To change nuclear spin NMR spectroscopy

© www.chemsheets.co.uk AS 1087 12-Jul-15

Symmetric stretch Assymmetric stretch Bending

• The frequency depends on the mass of the atoms in the bond,

• Wavenumbers (cm-1) are used as a measure of the wavelength

• IR light absorbed is in the range 4000 – 400 cm -1.

• Above 1500 cm-1 is used to identify functional groups.

• Below 1500 cm-1 is used for fingerprinting.

© www.chemsheets.co.uk AS 1087 17-March-2023

• Complicated and contains many signals – picking out

• This region can also be used to check if a compound is pure.

© www.chemsheets.co.uk AS 1087 17-March-2023

© www.chemsheets.co.uk AS 1087 17-March-2023

© www.chemsheets.co.uk AS 1087 17-March-2023

© www.chemsheets.co.uk AS 1087 17-March-2023

© www.chemsheets.co.uk AS 1087 17-March-2023

© www.chemsheets.co.uk AS 1087 17-March-2023

 propyl ethanoate CH3 C O CH2 CH2 CH3

 2-methylpentan-3-one CH3 CH C CH2 CH3

 butanal CH3 CH2 CH2 C H

© www.chemsheets.co.uk AS 1087 17-March-2023

© www.chemsheets.co.uk AS 1087 17-March-2023

Acid O-H C=O

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