Chapter 5

Cellular Networks

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 Introduction to Cellular Networks

• The first commercial mobile telephone system was launched by BELL in St.
Louis, USA, in 1946.

• Few lucky customers got the services.

• Early mobile systems used single high power transmitters with analog
Frequency Modulation techniques.

• it can cover up to 50 miles and hence only limited customers could get the
service due to this severe constraints of bandwidth.
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 Cellular Networks(cont’d…)

• To overcome the constraints of bandwidth scarcity and to give

coverage to larger sections, BELL lab introduced the principle of
Cellular concept.
• By frequency reuse technique this method delivered better coverage,
better utility of available frequency spectrum and reduced transmitter
power.
• But the established calls are to be handed over between base stations
while the phones are on move.
• The Nordic countries were the first to introduce cellular services for
commercial use with the introduction of the Nordic Mobile Telephone
(NMT) in 1981.

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 1G Technology
• 1G mobile communication system was introduced in Japan in 1979 by Nippon
Telegraph and Telephone (NTT).

• Initially, it started in Tokyo and within next five years expanded to cover the whole
of Japan.

• In 1981, Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) was launched in European countries.

• In 1983, Ameritech launched 1G mobiles in the USA using Motorola mobile phones.
Use of mobile communication system was then followed by several countries.

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• Some characteristics of 1G communication are:
• Speeds up to 2.4 kbps
• Poor voice quality
• Large phones with limited battery life
• No data security
• Not all networks were based on the same protocols, they were highly
dependent on their manufacturers.
• So that the connectivity between two different networks is not an easier
thing.
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• Services – Voice only
• Technology – analog
• Speed – 1kbps to 2.4 kbps
• Multiplexing – FDMA
• Switching – circuit switching
• Core Network – PSTN
• Frequency – 800- 900 MHz

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 2G Technology

• 2G was introduced in Finland.

• To have advancement over the 1G, the GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communication) was introduced.

• In the current technology, every system has the basis of GSM.

• This generation is responsible for the up gradation from voice calls to

MMS (Multimedia Messaging System) and SMS (Short Message
Systems).

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 Features of 2G wireless communication

• The Digital frequency modulation or digital communication technique

is used to transmit the data in the form of 0’s and 1’s of 1.8GHz.

• The data speed of 2G is nearly up to 64 Kbps.

• The Voice quality also improved from 1G, it supports both voice and
data.

• This generation is responsible for using the internet at a low speed

using GPRS.
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• Some prominent characteristics (Services) of 2G communications are:

Data speeds up to 64 kbps

Text and multimedia messaging possible
Better quality than 1G
Digital Voice
SMS
 international roaming
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 2.5G and 2.75G Wireless Communication

• Before moving to 3G technology, various data transfer technologies

were involved in increasing the data rate.

• The First is the GPRS with a high data rate of 171kbps.

• Using the packet switching technique, the data is transferred, by

dividing the data into small packets for an easy mode of transmission.

• 2.75 technology is the EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM evolution)
with an increased data rate of up to 473.6 Kbps.
• Later the technology used is CDMA with a data rate of 384 Kbps.
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 3G Technology

• Third generation (3G) of mobile telephony began with the start of the new
millennium and offered major advancement over previous generations.
• 3G was introduced in Japan.
• It comes with data transfer technology such as UMTS (Universal Mobile Terrestrials
System) for use in smartphones.
• Some of the characteristics of this generation are −
• Data speeds of 144 kbps to 2 Mbps
• High speed web browsing
• Running web based applications like video conferencing, multimedia e-mails, etc.
• Fast and easy transfer of audio and video files
• 3D gaming
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Drawbacks of 3G Technology

• Here are some downsides of 3G technology :-

• Expensive mobile phones
• High infrastructure costs like licensing fees and mobile towers
• Trained personnel required for infrastructure set up

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 3.5G Technology
• Grouped together dissimilar mobile telephony and data technologies and paved way for the next generation
of mobile communication.

• They used HSDPA (high speed DL (downlink) packet access) and HSUPA (high speed uplink packet
access) technology

• HSPA is an update to W-CDMA that offers speeds of 14.4 Mbit / s download and 5.76 Mbit / s upload.

• Data speed up to 2 Mbps

3.75G Technology

• They used HSDPA+ technology

• HSPA + can provide data rates of up to 168 Mbit / s downstream and 22 Mbit / s upstream.

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 4G Technology

• Keeping up the trend of a new mobile generation every decade, fourth

generation (4G) of mobile communication was introduced in 2011.

• Its major characteristics are:

• Speeds of 100 Mbps for stationary users to 1Gbps for high mobility
users
• Mobile web access
• High definition mobile TV
• Cloud computing
• IP telephony 14
 Features of 4G Mobile Communication Technology

The following are key features of 4G mobile communication technology −

• High-Speed Internet Connectivity
• 4G technology offers much faster internet speeds than its predecessors,
allowing users to browse web, stream videos, and download files at high
speeds.
• Improved Network Coverage
• It have better network coverage than earlier generations of mobile
communication technology, which allows users to enjoy uninterrupted
connectivity even in remote areas.
• Low Latency
• It have lower latency or delay in data transmission, which results in a
better user experience for applications such as online gaming, video
conferencing, and real-time video streaming.

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 Features of 4G(cont’d…)

• Advanced Security Features

• 4G networks have better security features than earlier
generations, providing secure data transfer and protection from
cyber threats.

• High Capacity
• 4G networks can support more users and more data traffic than
earlier generations, which makes it ideal for handling heavy data
traffic and high user volumes. 16
 4G Mobile Communication Technology

• The following are some examples of 4G mobile communication

technology:

• LTE (Long-Term Evolution)

• WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

• HSPA+ (Evolved High-Speed Packet Access)

• TD-LTE (Time-Division Long-Term Evolution)

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 5G Technology

• The fifth generation of cellular technology is referred to as 5G.

• The goal is to improve wireless service speed, reduce latency, and boost flexibility.

• Complete wireless communication with almost no limitation

• The potential top speed of 5G technology is 20 Gbps

• They use new technologies such as millimeter wave and beamforming to provide
even faster data speeds and lower latency.

• They are also capable of supporting new use cases such as the internet of things
(IoT) and self-driving cars.
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 Features of 5G
• Larger data volume per unit area (i.e. high system spectral efficiency)

• High capacity to allow more devices connectivity concurrently and

instantaneously

• Lower battery consumption

• Better connectivity irrespective of the geographic region, in which you are

• Larger number of supporting devices

• Lower cost of infrastructural development

• Higher reliability of the communications

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• Services:
 people and devices connected anywhere at any time.
Your application will make the real world a Wi-Fi zone.
Mobile IP addresses assigned according to the connected network and
geographical position.
Multiple parallel services, with which you can know the weather and your
geographical position while you speak.
Education will be easier.
A student who sits anywhere in the world can attend the class.
Remote diagnosis is a great feature of 5G.
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A Doctor can treat the patient located in the remote part of the world.
Monitoring will be easier for government organization, and other
researchers can monitor anywhere in the world.
It is possible to reduce the crime rate.
Visualization of the universe, galaxies, and planets will be possible.
It is also possible to detect natural disasters more quickly, including
tsunamis, earthquakes, etc.

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