GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
AMRITSAR,PUNJAB

THEORY OF DESIGN
REPORT ON –
•EVOLUTION OF DATUM IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE
•TRADITIONAL BU ILDING (ST. PAUL’S CHURCH AMRITSAR)
AND MODERN BUILDING (MATRIMANDIR, AUROVILLE)

Submitted by- Bhumika Gupta (31) Submitted to-

Amodini Sareen(32) AR. RANBIR KAUR
Ansh Mahajan(36)
Diya Khanna(59)
Rajvir Singh(11)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• We would like to thank AR. RANBIR KAUR, our Professor-in-charge for their
support and guidance in completing our project on the topic -
• EVOLUTION OF DATUM IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE
• TRADITIONAL BU ILDING (ST. PAUL’S CHURCH AMRITSAR)
• AND MODERN BUILDING (MATRIMANDIR, AUROVILLE)

It was a great learning experience. I would like to take this opportunity to express
my gratitude to all of my group members Bhumika gupta, Ansh mahajan , Diya
khanna, Rajvir singh. The project would not have been successful without their
cooperation and inputs.

Amodini sareen
 CONTENT (SECTION-A)
EVEOLUTION OF DATUM IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE
• ABSTRACT
• INTRODUCTION TO DATUM
• METHODOLOGY
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• LITERATURE REVIEW
• CASE STUDIES
• REFERENCES
• APPENDICES
 CONTENT (SECTION-D)
MODERN BUILDING TRADITIONAL BUILDING

• INTRODUCTION • INTRODUCTION
• ABOUT THE BUILDING • ABOUT THE BUILDING
-Type of Architecture, -ARCHITECTURAL CHARECTERSTICS
Materials used,
Form,
• HISTORY
Environmental context • ELEMENTS IN FACADE
• HISTORY • CRITICAL ANALYSIS
• INNER CHAMBER • REFERENCES
• LANDSCAPE
• CRITICAL ANALYSIS
 ABSTRACT

• The concept of "datum" is a fundamental and evolving

element in architecture that serves as a reference point
or baseline for design and spatial organization.
• This explores the multifaceted nature of datum in
architecture, tracing its historical significance and
examining its contemporary adaptations.
• It delves into the various forms and functions of datum,
from traditional horizontal planes highlighting its role in
shaping architectural compositions and experiences.
SECTION- A
DATUM
 INTRODUCTION TO DATUM
• In architecture, a datum refers to a horizontal or vertical reference line, plane, or surface that
establishes a consistent level for designing and aligning elements within a building or space.
• It helps create a sense of organization, order, and continuity in design by providing a common
point of reference for various architectural components.
• Datum lines are crucial for maintaining visual harmony and ensuring that different elements
of a structure are properly aligned and proportioned. They play a fundamental role in creating
a coherent and balanced architectural composition.

A datum can organize the elements in :-

 A LINE can cut through or form a common edge for

the pattern, while a grid of lines can form a neutral,
unifying field for the pattern
 A PLANE can gather the pattern of elements beneath it or serve as an encompassing
background.
 A VOLUME can collect the pattern of elements within its boundaries or around it.
 TYPES OF DATUM
• Horizontal Datum: Establishing consistent levels for floors, ceilings, and other horizontal
elements within a building. horizontal datum is a reference system used to specify locations on
the Earth's surface in terms of latitude and longitude. It's a set of constants and parameters that
define the shape and size of the Earth, providing a basis for mapping and surveying. Horizontal
datums ensure consistency in determining positions across different maps and geospatial data.

• Vertical Datum: It serves as a baseline from which various vertical elements, such as doors,
windows, columns, and walls, are measured and positioned. Vertical datum lines provide a
framework for maintaining visual harmony, ensuring that different components of a structure
are aligned accurately and proportionally.

• Inclined Datum: Utilizing diagonal or sloped lines as reference points, adding dynamic visual
interest. An inclined datum is a reference system used to specify positions in three-dimensional
space, considering not only latitude and longitude but also elevation or height above a certain
point or surface.
 METHODOLOGY
• WHY DATUM AS A TOPIC?
Datum is the principle element of design. Emphasizing the main focus
on the origin of the reference point of the building.
The basic knowledge about the datum in a building is not known to
many, hence we chose it to throw some light on one of the major
elements of design, which is not only used in architecture but in all
infrastructures.

Most of the data is collected from books like DK Ching’s “Form space
and order” and through online research.

Few of the important questions which usually arise regarding datum

have been also highlighted in this report.
 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 How has the concept of datum evolved throughout different architectural periods and styles?
- Ancient Architecture- used horizontal and vertical datums like the horizon or water levels as references in
the construction of monumental structures, ensuring alignments and precise construction.
- Medieval and Renaissance Architecture- The development of Gothic architecture introduced vertical
datums through the use of pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses to create a sense of
verticality
- Modern and Contemporary architecture- Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe utilized simple and clear
horizontal and vertical lines as fundamental datums, focusing on functionality and purity of form.

 How have changes in design theories and architectural philosophies affected the interpretation and
utilization of datums?
- Functionalism and Modernism - Early 20thcentury focused on functionalism and efficiency, leading to the
prioritization of simple, clean lines and pure geometric forms.
- Postmodernism - Late 20th century , multiple diverse references were employed.
- Deconstructivism- Late 20th Century to Contemporary Era, challenges the use of a singular datum by
fragmenting, distorting, or dislocating elements.
- Parametricism and Digital Design - Contemporary Era, shifted towards more flexible, non-linear, and
adaptive approaches to datum.
• How has the use of technology influenced the evolution of datums in
architecture?
• The use of technology has significantly impacted the evolution of datums in
architecture.
• Advanced surveying tools, satellite-based positioning systems (like GPS), and
sophisticated mapping software have enabled more accurate data collection,
leading to refined and precise geospatial information.
• This enhanced precision has allowed architects to work with more accurate
reference points, leading to the development of more sophisticated and precise
architectural designs, site planning, and construction.
• The integration of technology has also facilitated the creation of Building
Information Modeling (BIM) systems, allowing architects to work with complex
three-dimensional data, including precise datum information, for more efficient
and accurate building designs.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
Book Title: " Form, Space, and Order"
Author: Francis D.K. Ching
This book delves into the fundamental principles of architectural form
, space, and order, offering insights into the concept of datum as a
crucial aspect of architectural design and spatial might offer valuable
insights into the concept of the datum in architecture.
"Translations from Drawing to Building,“
Author : Robin Evans
The book delves into the complexities and challenges encountered
when moving from a two dimensional to the three dimensional reality
of construction.
It also examines the historical significance of drawings and gap
between the drawn area and its physical realisation.
 CASE STUDY-1
The Hōryū-ji Temple in Japan
One of the oldest wooden buildings in the world, contains architectural
elements that serve as datums, influencing the spatial organization and design
within the temple.
The temple's architectural design relies on a central axis that often serves as a
key datum, guiding the layout and organization of spaces within the complex.
This axis helps establish the hierarchy and spatial relationships within the
temple. The Horyu-ji temple could have served as a local reference point or
landmark for the surrounding area, potentially influencing spatial organization
or positioning in traditional Japanese architecture.
 CASE STUDY-2
NATIONAL CONGRESS BUILDING,BRAZIL
In the Barcelona Pavilion, Mies van der Rohe used a horizontal plane,
which is often referred to as the "floating" marble plane, as a datum
to define and organize the space.
This horizontal surface creates a strong sense of order and separation,
as well as an elegant contrast with the glass walls and minimalistic
design of the pavilion.
The concept of a datum in this context
highlights the use of a specific element
to guide the spatial organization
and create harmonious architectural
composition.
 REFERENCES
• BOOKS-
 FORM, SPACE AND ORDER
Author: Francis DK Ching
 TRANSLATION FROM DRAWING TO BUILDING
Author : Robin Evans
• WEB LINKS-
www.quora.com
https://archimonarch.com
https://www.pinterest.com
 SECTION- D
MODERN AND TRADITIONAL
BUILDINGS
 TRADITIONAL BUILDING
SAINT PAUL’S CHURCH,AMRITSAR

The Saint Paul’s church in Amritsar serves as a place of

christian worship and community for the local christian
population.
It was constructed in 1852 during the british colonial era,
reflects Gothic architectural influences.
It likely has religious and cultural significance for the
community it serves.
`
 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS IN A
CHURCH
• NAVE: The central area where the congregation
gathers

• ALTAR: A raised platform or table at the front of

the church, often used for religious ceremonies.

• CHANCEL: The space around the altar, typically

reserved for clergy and choir.

• AISLES: Walkways along the sides of the nave.

• APSE: A semicircular or polygonal space

at the end of the chancel,
often containing the altar.
• STEEPLE: A tall structure ,often with a spire,at
the church’s exterior.

• GOTHIC ARCHES: Pointed arches that are a

characteristic feature of Gothic Architecture.

• STAINED GLASS WINDOWS: Decorative windows

often depicting religious scenes or figures.

• BELL TOWER: A tower housing bells ,which are

rung for various religious purposes.

• CROSS: A symbol of Christianity often

prominently displayed on or in the church.
 HISTORY
• St. Paul’s Church built in the year
1852, St. Paul’s Church is one of
the oldest churches in Amritsar.
• Originally it came under the
Diocese of Lahore, however later
it joined the Diocese of Amritsar,
Church of North India post India-
Pakistan partition in 1947.
• Rev. Cpt. John Wade served as
Pastor for the longest time in the
church, which was around 48.
 ELEMENTS IN FACADE
• REPITION- The front and the side facades of
the building shows repetition in the form of
arches, columns, windows.
• AXIAL FOCUS- ‘focus’ can be seen through
the front facade of the elongated building.
• ROOF- sloping roof, constructed using
• slate stone.
• BRICK JALI- traditional element as brick jali,
which is dominant in amritsar can also be
seen in church.
 CRITICAL ANALYSIS
• STRUCTURE- Since the building was constructed in
british time period, the wooden truss of the building
has now deteriorated from outside with time.

• MAINTAINANCE- Instead of regular gardening and

cleaning, the extreme area surrounding the building
has not been looked after, algae can be seen growing
around the periphery.
 REFERENCES
•
HTTPS://AUROVILLE.ORG/PAGE/VISITING-THE-MATRIMANDIR
• HTTPS://PONDICHERRYTOURISM.CO.IN/MATRIMANDIR-AURO
VILLE-PUDUCHERRY
• HTTPS://AMRITSAR.GUIDE/LOCATIONS/GETLOCATION DETAIL
S/256
• HTTPS://RGYAN.COM/EN/TEMPLES/STPAULS-CHURCH-AMRIT
SAR