WRITING THE

CHAPTER I:
LCUP
FORMAT
INTRODUCT
ION
 INTRODUCTION
✘ The Introduction provides a brief overview of the
study as it relates to the needs of the literature
(blankspots/ blindspots) and its intended goals
and contributions. One manner of organizing the
Introduction is by using the TIOC format:
Trends, Issues, Objectives, and Contributions.

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 INTRODUCTION
✘ In the Trends portion, relate the present study to
the ones previously reported or conducted in the
research literature.
✘ In the Issues portion, state the necessity of the
research problem, including its theoretical or
practical implications.

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INTRODUCTION
✘ In the Objectives portion, provide an overview of the
analyses to be conducted in the study. Provide the
main problems of the study, but also provide other
analytical information such as theoretical constructs
to be verified, methodological considerations, or
statistical techniques.
✘ 1.1.5.In the Contributions portion, emphasize the
present study’s uniqueness and/or importance.
Juxtapose the study in contrast with the prevailing
studies in the literature.
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LITERATUR
E REVIEW
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 LITERATURE
REVIEW
✘ The literature review serves to discuss the
developments in the field relevant to the development
of the present study. Scholarship builds itself on
continuous inquiry, and the literature review situates the
present study at the edge of this inquiry.
✘ For the Thesis paper, researchers are expected to peruse
40-50 related studies that are dated 5-10 years from the
student’s date of writing. Any mention of a critical
paper (e.g., the dissertation of Lawrence Kohlberg in
1972 that explored his Moral Development theory)
must be cited from a more recent paper.

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LITERATURE
REVIEW
✘ For the Dissertation paper, researchers are expected to
peruse 90-100 related studies that are dated 5-10 years
from the student’s date of writing. Any mention of a
critical paper (e.g., the dissertation of Lawrence
Kohlberg in 1972 that explored his Moral Development
theory) must be cited from a more recent paper.
✘ The organization of the literature review must give
precedence to the discussion of the study’s prominent
variables (i.e., Independent/ Dependent Variables) and a
Synthesis of concepts at the end.

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THEORETICAL
AND
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
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 THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
✘ The Theoretical and Conceptual framework
serve different purposes. The theoretical
framework underpins the present study with a
cognitive structure that the study intends to
verify or support. The theory supports the
study the same way the study supports the
theory. On the other hand, a conceptual
framework is the visualized construct of the
present study. It describes the relationships
that the present study seeks to establish.

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 THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
✘ The theoretical framework is only available
for quantitative research and mixed methods,
since these methods of inquiry serve to verify
a present theoretical construct.
✘ Theoretical frameworks can be explained
using the SEC approach: state the theory,
explain the theory, and contextualize the
theory to the problem of the present study.

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THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
✘ The conceptual framework remains with qualitative
research. However, conceptual frameworks for qualitative
studies also provide theoretical arguments that inform the
study. It is not selecting a theory per se, but explaining the
main arguments that serve to inform the whole paper.
✘ The conceptual framework is usually represented with a
paradigm.
✘ For mixed methods studies, the conceptual framework must
conform with mixed method designs pertinent to the
research strategy. The sequence of quantitative and
qualitative inquiry, as well as their relationship in terms of
their roles in data analysis, must be illustrated.

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 CANCE
OF
THE
STUDY

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SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
✘ The Significance of the Study further stresses
the importance of the study by emphasizing
the specific sectors of society that would
benefit from the present study.
✘ A student can enter up until five sectors,
excluding “Future Researchers”. The
continuity of scientific inquiry is implied in
the entire thesis/ dissertation writing process.

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STATEMENT
OF THE
PROBLEM
OF THE
PROBLEM
✘ The Statement of the Problem
enumerates the different problems
that will be solved in the present
study.
✘ Problems for quantitative research
must be organized from descriptive
to inferential level; from the
independent variable first before the
dependent variable, and the
analytical statistics tests at the last
part.
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 OF THE
PROBLEM
✘ The Statement of the Problem
enumerates the different problems that
will be solved in the present study.
✘ Problems for quantitative research must
be organized from descriptive to
inferential level; from the independent
variable first before the dependent
variable, and the analytical statistics
tests at the last part.

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OF THE
PROBLEM
✘ Problems for qualitative research must be
organized from descriptive to discursive
level; by thematic analyses and into a
synthesis of insights toward a working
theory or ethnography.
✘ 1.5.4.Problems in mixed methods
researches must be organized as demanded
by their chosen mixed methods inquiry. For
instance, some sequential designs need
quantitative data insights first before being
informed by qualitative data.
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HYPOTHESI
S OF THE
STUDY
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 HYPOTHESIS OF THE
STUDY
✘ The Hypothesis of the Study is a statement
regarding the present study, the veracity of which
is ascertained with statistical testing (e.g., t-tests,
ANOVA, etc.)
✘ This component is only retained with quantitative
researches and mixed methods researches as
needed.
✘ Hypotheses are tested within the conventional
levels of p= .05. Testing with lower levels may
mean a significant effect size, but they are
reserved for literature review studies.

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DEFINITION OF
TERMS
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DEFINITION OF
TERMS
✘ The Definition of Terms provide clarification of
technical terms used in the present study.
✘ This component is only used for quantitative
researches and mixed method researches when
needed.
✘ Definition of Terms must include a conceptual
definition and an operational definition.
Conceptual definition is what the term is defined
with in the research literature. Operational
definition is how the term is used in the study. A
term can mean the same for both conceptual and
operational definitions.

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SCOPE AND
DELIMITATI
ON OF THE
STUDY
 scope and delimitation
of the study
✘ The Scope and Limitations of the Study
considers the factors that limit a study into its
present shape. These limitations may come
due to logistical and time considerations,
restrictions of the respondents and the site of
study, etc.
✘ Limitations must be declared for all variables
present in the study.

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 scope and delimitation
of the study
✘ This section is important for
qualitative studies as it includes
the limitations set for qualitative
inquiry. Unlike quantitative
research, qualitative research tends
to encompass different topics
when unabated with topic
limitations. As such, qualitative
researchers have to set limits early
in the study.

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THANK YOU!
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