SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY AND
NATION BUILDING
Group 3
 Chapter Outline
1. Pre-Colonial Period, Colonial Period, and Post-Colonial Period
2. The Concept of Nation Building
3. Science and Technology in Nation Building: Global Perspective
4. The Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda
5. Major development programs and personalities in Science and technology in
the Philippines
6. Science Education in the Philippines
7. Selected Indigenous Science and Technologies
 PRE- COLONIAL PERIOD
Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the pre-
colonial period. Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, early Filipino
settlers were already using certain plants and herbs as medicines. Systems of farming and
animal-raising were also implemented. Moreover, early Filipinos had also developed
different modes of transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime.
A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras
when they built rice terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the people were able to
cultivate crops on the mountainsides in cold temperatures. They incorporated an irrigation
system that uses water from the forests and mountain tops to achieve an elaborate farming
system. The rice terraces of the Cordilleras, which are still functional, show the innovative
and ingenious way of the natives to survive in an otherwise unfriendly environment.
Pre- Colonial Period
 COLONIAL PERIOD
Colonization by the Spaniards provided the
Philippines with modern means of construction.
Walls, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructures
were built using some of the engineering skills and
tools brought by the Spaniards. In addition, the
Spanish government developed health and education
systems that were enjoyed by the principalia class.
The American occupation modernized almost all
aspects of life in the Philippines. They established a
government agency, the Bureau of Science, for the
sole purpose of nurturing development in the field of
science and technology.
 POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines, under different
administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and technology. Each Leadership had its own
science and technology agenda. However, it is important to note than some Philippine presidents posted
more developments in the field than others.
One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in science and technology was former
president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Under his term, many agencies in science and technology were
established and strengthened, including the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA) in place of the abolished Weather Bureau; the National Academy of
Science and Technology (NAST); and the reconstituted National Science and Technology Authority
(originally established in 1958 as the National Science and Development Board and now the Department
of Science and Technology), among others. Marcos saw that the key to nation-building is the continued
development of science and technology. The progress in science and technology continued even after his
dictatorial rule and the presidents after him left their own legacies in the field.
Post- Colonial Period
 THE CONCEPT OF NATION BUILDING
Understanding the concept of nation building requires a prior concept of the term
nation. Early conceptions of nation defined it as a group or race of people who shared
history, traditions, and culture, sometimes religion, and usually language. Generally, people
of a specific nation share a common national identity. It may include identity based on race
or ethnicity, loyalty to a set of political ideas, and institutions, and the linkage of citizenship
to nationality.
Fagoyinbo (2013) explained that "the word nation is often used synonymously with
state, as in the United Nations. But a state is more properly the governmental apparatus by
which a nation rules itself" (p.411), in approaching the question of nation-building, and its
relationship to state- building, it is important to keep in mind that this definition specifies
the “legitimate use of force". (Stephenson, 2005).
 Many aspects shall be considered in achieving a strong nation. As Prof. Gambari
(2008) enumerated, these aspects include:
1. building a political entity (territory, rules, norms, principles and common citizenship);
2. building institutions (symbolizes political entity- institutions such as a bureaucracy, an
economy, the judiciary, universities, a civil service, and civil society organizations); and
3. building a common sense of purpose, a sense of shared density, a collective
imagination of belonging. (para.1)
The impact of a welfare-centered developments aimed to address the basic needs of
the people to be free from poverty, inequality, unemployment, on the one hand, or by desire
to compete for resources and power either internally or in the international system, is indeed
necessary. Thus, it doesn't only include developments in terms of human rights but also most
importantly, development of education towards democratic state to promote welfare.
(Barbanti, 2005).
 Development in Relation to Nation Building
In the 19th century, development was philosophically understood as the improvement
of humankind. Likewise, it can be understood, an a more practical way, by political elites as
social engineering of emerging national societies. (McMichael, 2004)
Reisman (2008) distinguished development as "decision processes and decision
outcomes" which makes it effective in influencing in all ways the values and culture of
global communities. This makes changes and dynamism in the society as important
distinguishing feature of development.
On the other hand, he further explained that development, implies specific scope
values with respect to which strategies for securing selective changes are invented and
against which change-flows in decision structures and in the production and distribution of
values are constantly evaluated. Thus, from a policy-oriented perspective, not all change is
development; changes incompatible with human dignity can be characterized as
retrogressions or as "dis developmental" (para.1). (Reisman, 2008)
 Key Drivers to Development
In the contemporary world, science and technology are key drivers to development, since economic
advances, improvements in key systems (health, education and infrastructures) are being reinforced
through technological and scientific insurgencies. Basically, developments in science and technology
greatly affects the conditions of the people specifically in their way to live, connect, communicate and
transact, with profound effects on economic development. It is imperative that every state should invest in
equipping their people towards an emerging national society.
Promoting scientific and technological advances is seen essential as an instrument for building a
strong nation. On the other hand, the rise of science and technology in this aspect could be the fall of other
related aspects for it could be a potential contributor to the dehumanization and the degradation of the
environment.
Thus, Cowan and Shenton as cited in McMichael, (2004) elucidate that development meant
balancing the apparent inevitability of technological change with social intervention (p.2). Idealistically, it
means "assisting human society" in its development and perhaps realistically as managing citizen-subjects
experiencing "wrenching social transformations” (p.2)
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NATION
BUILDING: GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Science and technology has an overwhelming impact to rapid development. Implementation of
science and technology in every nation in every aspect of life is the greatest evidence of modernization.
Convenience, simplicity, and easiness in everyday living has been offered by the introduction of modern
gadgets. The absence of modern equipment, in all sectors and or any other field, the advancement and
benefits that is being experienced today would have not been possible. (Pujari, 2016)
In a global perspective, moving on with the flow of modernity determines the nation's capability to
sustain its people's lives. Such is the influence of science and technology for the development of a
nation. The question now is how shall a nation be assessed on its capability?
Countries are being categorized today based on economy and the application of science and
technology. It can be analyzed from various reports that countries which have strong base in science and
technology are the ones that developed faster.
Science and technology is an interdisciplinary topic encompassing science, technology,
and their interactions:

 Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form
of explanations and predictions about nature and the universe.

 Technology is the collection of techniques and processes used in the production of

goods or services, or the accomplishment of objectives such as scientific
investigation.
Major contributions of S & T to Philippine
Nation Building
 building are linked to its socio-economic progress and its industrialization
fields, especially in the research and development metals for tools and
weapons, as well as, domestication and agriculture.
 Today, the current state of our country is very low in its capacity to produce
local goods for domestic needs as well as in international scientific research
publications. One of the primary reasons for the slow growth of science and
technology in the Philippines is because of the lack of funding and support from
the government for the improvement of science educational fields, especially in
the research and development.
The history of science and technology in the Philippines
-can be traced as early as the stone age. The discovery of tools to aid in human life is one of its
first foundations.

Bronze age
 people learned to use metals for tools and weapons, as well as, domestication and
agriculture. All the discoveries and developments of tools lead to more knowledge and
advancements in the field of science.
 More scientists rose to invent and apply science for the betterment of our society.
Our community life changed from rural living to urbanized cities, especially in
Manila where it becomes very crowded due to greater work opportunities and higher
demands of manpower. Though as time goes by, technical innovations have lessened
the load of people and led to greater demand of studying newly applied technologies.
Medical science
 has contributed much to the promotion of cheaper medicines.

The field of communication

 welcomed a drastic change from the internet usage to the different supply of cellular
phones- in just a snap people from far distances can already see and commune with each
other. Until now, more inventions are being researched and studied. However, no matter
how many innovations have broken out in the Philippines, the country's progress isn't
much highly competitive.
 THE PHILIPPINE
GOVERNMENT S&T
AGENDA
Science and Technology in the Philippines
◦ describes scientific and technological progress made by the Philippines and
analyses related policy issues.
◦ The main agency responsible for managing science and technology (S&T) is
the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
◦ There are also sectoral councils for Forestry, Agriculture and Aquaculture, the
Metal Industry, Nuclear Research, Food and Nutrition, Health, Meteorology,
Volcanology and Seismology.
Example:
National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Building at UP Diliman.

◦ The institute aims to promote and

implement research focused on prevention,
early diagnosis, and treatment of infectious
diseases that pose as major threats and
primary causes of mortality in the
Philippines
 The Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) in the Philippines has several
initiatives for the advancement of science
and technology.
 One of the key projects is PAGTANAW
2050, which is the first inter-disciplinary and
trans-disciplinary project on Philippine-
focused Science, Technology, and Innovation
(STI) Foresight. It's about "looking ahead"
and planning for the future of STI in the
country.
This is the first inter-disciplinary and trans-
disciplinary project dedicated to the
Philippines STI (Science, Technology, and
Innovation) Foresight and Strategic Plan.
The goal of this project is to create an impact
on the dreams of Filipinos in the year 2050.
 MAJOR DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMS AND
PERSONALITIES IN SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
◦ Philippine science and technology has a long history, dating back to
the early American colonial period during which the bureau of
Science was created.
What influenced the development of Science and
Technology in the Philippines?

The colonization of the Philippines contributed to the growth of science and

technology in the archipelago.
The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution.
During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines.
National scientists of the Philippines
Alfredo C. Santos, Dr. phil.
(1978)

Gregorio Y. Zara, D.Sc.

(1978)

Fe Del Mundo, M.D. (1980)

Birthdate: 15 August 1900

Died: 11 April 1990 (90 years old)
 Recognized for his researches in the chemistry of natural products.
Eduardo A. Quisumbing,  Father of Natural Products Research in the Philippines
Ph.D. (1980)
Alfredo C. Santos, Dr.phil.
(1978)

Gregorio Y. Zara, D.Sc.

(1978)

Fe Del Mundo, M.D. (1980)

Gregorio Ynciong Zara

Birthdate: 8 March 1902
Died:15 October 1978 ( aged 76)
Eduardo A. Quisumbing,  a Filipino engineer, physicist, a National Scientist, and inventor.
Ph.D. (1980)  He was known as the father of videoconferencing for having
invented the first two-way videophone.
Alfredo C. Santos, Dr.phil.
(1978)

Gregorio Y. Zara, D.Sc.

(1978)

Fe Del Mundo, M.D. (1980)

Born: November 27, 1911, Intramuros, Manila
Died: August 6, 2011 (age 99 years), Quezon City
Education: Boston University School of Medicine (1940), More
Eduardo A. Quisumbing, Parents: Bernardo del Mundo, Paz Villanueva
Ph.D. (1980) Full name: Fé Primitiva del Mundo y Villanueva
 She is credited with studies that led to the invention of the
incubator and a jaundice relieving device
Alfredo C. Santos, Dr.phil.
(1978)

Gregorio Y. Zara, D.Sc.

(1978)

Fe Del Mundo, M.D. (1980)

Eduardo Quisumbíng y Argüelles

(Filipino: Eduardo Argüelles Quisumbing)
Birthdate: November 11, 1895 (Santa Cruz, Laguna) Died: August
Eduardo A. Quisumbing, 23, 1986 (Quezon City)
Ph.D. (1980)  a Filipino biologist, a leading authority of plants in the
Philippines
SCIENCE EDUCATION
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Science Education
◦ plays a crucial role in building a capable workforce and driving innovation. It
equips students with the necessary knowledge and skills to pursue careers in
science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields.
◦ deals with the development of people in science, which is the heart of science,
technology, and society.
Aim of Science Education
 Science education focuses on teaching, learning and understanding science.

 Teaching science means exploring pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers
teach scientific concepts and process effectively.
 Learning science includes both pedagogy and the most interesting aspect, which is
helping students understand and love science.
 Understanding science implies developing and applying science-process skills and
using science literacy in understanding the natural world and activities in everyday life.
Science Education
◦ an essential component of the national education system. It aims to provide
students with a strong foundation in scientific knowledge and skills.
◦ The curriculum includes subjects such as biology, chemistry, physics, and
environmental science.
◦ There is also a focus on promoting inquiry-based learning, critical thinking,
and problem-solving skills.
Science Education
◦ The government has taken initiatives to improve science education in the
Philippines, such as curriculum reforms that emphasize inquiry-based learning
and the integration of STEM subjects.
◦ They have also implemented teacher training programs to enhance the quality
of science education.
 SCIENCE
SCHOOLS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
(PSHS)

• government program for gifted students in the country.

• under DOST, offering free scholarship for the secondary
course with special emphasis to science subjects.
• with end view of preparing its students for a science
career (RA No. 3661)
• provides a dormitory for students.
• continues to pursue its vision to develop Filipino science
scholars with scientific minds and passion for excellence.
 SPECIAL SCIENCE ELEMENTARY
SCHOOLS (SSES) PROJECT

• in pursuant to DepEd Order No. 73 s. 2008, and DepEd

Order No. 51 s. 2010.
• started in 2007 with 57 identified elementary schools as
science elementary schools in the country.
• SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children equipped
with scientific and technological knowledge, skills and
values.
 SPECIAL SCIENCE ELEMENTARY
SCHOOLS (SSES) PROJECT

MISSION:
• Provide a learning environment to science-inclined
children through a special curriculum that recognizes the
multiple intelligences of the learners;
• promote the development of lifelong learning skills;
• foster the holistic development of the learners.
 QUEZON CITY REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH
SCHOOL

• established on September 17, 1967

• originally, it was named Quezon City Science High
School.
• turned into a regional science high school for the
National Capital Region in 1999.
• curriculum is focused on science and technology.
• additional subjects in science and technology that
students should take.
• venue in providing maximum opportunities to develop
spirit of inquiry and creativity.
 MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

• established on October 1, 1963 as the Manila Science

High School (MSHS).
• first science high school in the Philippines.
• the organization and curriculum puts more emphasis on
Science and Mathematics.
• aims to produce scientists with souls.
• Humanities courses and other electives are included in
the curriculum.
• encouraged to participate in various extracurricular
activities.
 CENTRAL VISAYAN INSTITUTE
FOUNDATION
• It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school- based
innovation known as Dynamic Learning Program (DLP).
• DLP is a synthesis of classical and modern pedagogical
theories adapted to foster the highest level of learning,
creativity, and productivity.
• The school takes pride in its Research Center for Theoretical
Physics (RCTP) established in 1992, which organizes small
international workshops to foster the informal but intense
exchange of ideas and perspectives on outstanding problem in
physics and mathematics.
Importance of Studying Science
1. Economic Development
2. Environmental Sustainability
3. Health and Medicine
4. Technological Advancements
5. Global Competitiveness
6. Personal Development
1.Economic Development
• Science and technology play a vital role in
driving economic development
• Students gain the knowledge and skills
needed to contribute to innovation,
research, and development in various
industries.
• Lead to job creation, entrepreneurship, and
the growth of a knowledge-based
economy.
 2. Environmental
Sustainability
• The Philippines is known for its rich
biodiversity and natural resources.
Studying science enables students to
understand the importance of
environmental conservation and
sustainable practices.
• It equips them with the knowledge to
address pressing environmental issues,
such as climate change, pollution, and
resource depletion, and find solutions to
protect the country's natural heritage.
3.Health and Medicine
• Science education is crucial for advancing
healthcare and improving public health in
the Philippines.
• Students can gain an understanding of the
human body, diseases, and medical
advancements.
• This knowledge can lead to advancements
in healthcare, the development of new
treatments and therapies, and the
improvement of overall health outcomes
for the population.
4. Technological
Advancements
• The world is rapidly evolving with
advancements in technology.
• Studying science provides students with
the foundation to understand and utilize
technology effectively.
5.Global Competitiveness
• In an increasingly interconnected world,
scientific literacy and competence are
essential for global competitiveness.
• Students develop critical thinking,
problem-solving, and analytical skills that
are highly valued in various fields.
• This equips them to compete in the global
job market and contribute to the
advancement of science and technology on
a global scale.
6.Personal Development
• Studying science fosters curiosity,
creativity, and a sense of wonder about
the natural world.
• It encourages students to ask questions,
seek answers, and think critically.
• Science education promotes lifelong
learning and helps individuals develop a
scientific mindset that can be applied to
various aspects of life, enabling them to
make informed decisions and engage in
evidence-based reasoning.
SELECTED INDIGENOUS
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGIES
Indigenous Science
◦ Indigenous Science includes everything from metaphysics to philosophy and
various practical technologies practiced by indigenous people both from past
and present. (Cajete, 2004)

◦ Indigenous science is a product of indigenous knowledge perfected by people

through life experiences. It is the use of science process skills guided by
community culture and values composed of traditional/indigenous knowledge.
Indigenous Science
◦ Indigenous technologies, on the other hand, are processes or products resulting
from studying indigenous science.
◦ It is designed and fabricated based on the culture, tradition and needs of people
and which is adopted for use in the environment of those people while some
indigenous sciences and technologies are already obsolete, their importance
lies in that they helped early communities in understanding the natural
environment and in coping with their everyday lives.
Some of the Examples that have been taught and practice by the
Indigenous People are:

1. Predicting Weather
2. Herbal Medicine and Traditional Health Practices
3. Food Preservation
4. Classifying Soils
1
PREDICTING WEATHER

The ability to predict the weather through a variety of

ways is by observing the clouds, wind direction, and
speed, the oceans waves, the sun rise and sunset and
also the animal behavior.
2
HERBAL MEDICINE AND
TRADITIONAL HEATH PRACTICES

Years before the arrival of the Spaniards in the

Philippines, the use of medicinal plants was the
common way of treating ailments and there were
several books that compiled these medicinal plants.
3
FOOD PRESERVATION

Ages-old food preservation techniques include drying,

smoking, cooling, freezing, fermenting, salting,
pickling, and canning.
4
CLASSIFYING SOILS

One of the indigenous practices of early Filipinos is

classifying soils for planting. Criteria used by early
Filipino farmers in soil classification are their
experiences supported by their ability to observe
attributes of soil resources.
Philippine Indigenous Technologies
◦ Indigenous technologies are processes or products which are the results of
studying indigenous science. These technologies are now part of our lives
when they come to medicine, food products, and many more useful practices.
Filipino Inventions of All
Times – Inventions of the
Philippines
 PATIS (FISH SAUCE)
• has been around for lower than 100 years.
• It was found by Aling Tentay, also called
Ruperta David after the Japanese occupation.
• Aling Tentay used the juice of fish fragments
from the dried fish they promote available in the
market, Filipino inventions.
• After some modifications, patis was invented. It
was registered in 1949 as a product of Tentay
Food and Sauces.
• Its pungent saltiness has change into the basis of
Vietnamese and Thai fish sauce, which they eat
and incorporate into their menus.
 ERYTHROMYCIN
• is a macrolide antibiotic that was offered as
an alternative choice to penicillin.
• This was found by Abelardo Aguilar, a health
care provider who noticed the antibacterial
actions of the Aspergillus species of fungi in
his hometown in Iloilo.
• He then dispatched samples to his employer,
Eli Lilly Co.
• The antibacterial motion was additionally
developed by the Indiana-based company
which marketed the antibiotic below the brand
name Ilosone, in honor of the place it was
found.
 YOYO
• The phrase yo-yo is an Ilocano phrase that suggests
“come back”.
• It was a weapon that had been utilized by natives
for 400 years.
• However, the deadly model was massive and had
sharp edges and studs.
• It was additionally hooked up to thick 20-feet long
ropes for flinging at enemies or prey.
• The modern model was designed by a legislation
undergraduate named, Pedro Flores. It was
fabricated from lighter supplies (wooden and
cotton stings) and was mass-produced within the
United States, Filipino inventions.
 JEEPNEY
• Jeepneys are the king of the Philippine roads.
• It was created by Filipinos from the US army
jeeps after the Americans left the nation after the
struggle.
• These surplus jeeps are stripped down and made
longer to accommodate a number of passengers
on the back, Filipino inventions.
• Metal roofs present shade to the passengers
whereas colorful decorations adorn it inside and
outside.
• It offered reasonably priced transportation that
may transfer in regards to the bumpy roads that
paved the post-war Philippines
 QUINK QIUNK DRYING INK
• The Quink fast-drying ink’ was invented by
Francisco Quisumbing, a chemist.
• It was an innovative ink at the moment and was
additionally developed to work with Parker Pens,
Filipino inventions.
• Aside from being fast drying, it was additionally
water resistant, didn’t clog the pen opening,
doesn’t blot, and won’t fade.
• It was manufactured in 4 colors – black, green, red
and blue.
• It is taken into account as one of the perfect
promoting ink for fountain pens of the millennium
 VIDEOPHONE
• The plight of the listening to the impaired
inspired Gregorio Zara, a physicist, to create
the first videophone.
• It was formally often known as the picture
telephone sign separator network.
• Five years after he created the machine,
AT&T developed it and offered it to the
general public in 1970.
• Current fashions of videophones now are
primarily based on the preliminary invention
of Zara.
 16-BIT MICROCHIP
• Diosdado Banatao developed the first single-
chip graphical user interface accelerator that
made computer systems workloads sooner.
• This invention has allowed computer
customers to make use of graphics for
instructions and never the standard typed
instructions in older computer systems.
• It has allowed knowledge processing to be a
bit sooner utilizing little or no house (small
chips as an alternative to huge boards).
 REFERENCES
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Y._Zara
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe_del_Mundo
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Quisumbing
https://members.nast.ph/index.php/list-of-national-scientist/details/3/33#:~:text=For%2045%20years%2C%20Dr.,
Science%20and%20Technology%20(NAST).
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/don-honorio-ventura-technological-state-university/science-technology-an
d-society/science-education-in-the-philippines/10459862

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/sto-nino-catholic-schopl/social-sciences/6-selected-indigenous-science-an
d-technologies/38423303
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!
GROUP 3
1. Dan Reb Fajutnao
2. Zaira Rose Faina
3. Perlyn Falcunaya
4. Andrea Frogosa
5. Princess Jean Factor
6. Stephanie Rico
7. Ethel Montesa