Database Management

Systems

Lecture # 01
Grading Policy
• Final Exam: 50%
• Mid term Exam 25%
• Assignments 12%
• Quizzes 13%
Text Books
• Modern Database Management
By: Jeffrey A. Hoffer

Tenth edition

3
Course Objectives
 Introduction to very basics
 SDLC

 Relational Database System:

understanding, query and report

 Familiarize with tools

4
Lecture Objectives
 Basics
 Typical functions of a DBMS.
 Major components of the DBMS environment.
 Personnel involved in the DBMS environment.
 History of the development of DBMSs.
 Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.

5
Introduction: What Is
Database?
• A very large, integrated collection of data.

• Database: An organized collection of logically related data.

• A database management system (DBMS) is a software system

designed to store, manage and facilitate access to the
database

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Types of Databases and
Database Applications
 Numeric and Textual Databases
 Multimedia Databases
 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
 Data Warehouses

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Examples of Database
Applications
 Purchases from the supermarket
 Purchases using your credit card

 Booking a holiday at the travel agents

 Using the local library

 Taking out insurance

 Using the Internet

 Studying at university
File Processing Systems
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Library Examination Registration

Data Data Data
Files Files Files 9

Program and Data Interdependence

 File Processing Systems

Library Examination Registration

Reg_Number Reg_Number Reg_Number
Name Name Name
Father Name Address Father Name
Books Issued Class Phone
Fine Semester Address
Grade Class

10
 Advantages of Database Approach
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Database
Management
System

- Data Sharing - Data Independence

- Controlled Redundancy University - Better Data Integrity
11
Students
Database
The concept of a shared organizational
database
Management Marketing

Product
Planning Control Sales
Development

Corporate
Database

Accounting Manufacturing

12
Accounts Accounts
Scheduling Production
Receivable Payable
Types of Data
• Structured Data
• Unstructured Data

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Definitions
• Data: Meaningful facts, text, graphics, images, sound, video
segments
• Information: Data processed to be useful in decision making
• Metadata: Data that describes data

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Figure: Data in Context

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Figure: Summarized data
Useful information that managers can use for
decision making and interpretation

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Table: Metadata
Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the
data, including data types, field sizes, allowable
values, and documentation

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What is DBMS

• A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software

package designed to store and manage databases.
• A DBMS is a data storage and retrieval system which permits
data to be stored non-redundantly while making it appear to
the user as if the data is well-integrated.

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 Database Management
ystem
Application
#1

Application

DBMS
#2
Database
containing
centralized
shared data

Application
#3 DBMS manages data
resources like an operating
system manages hardware
resources
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A simplified database system environment

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Typical DBMS Functionality
 Define a database : in terms of data types,
structures and constraints
correct and doesn't get messed up.
Constraints are like rules we set in databases to make sure the data stays

 Construct or Load the Database on a

secondary storage medium
 Manipulating the database : querying,
generating reports, insertions, deletions and
modifications to its content
 Concurrent Processing and Sharing by a set of
users and programs – yet, keeping all data valid
and consistent 21
Typical DBMS Functionality
Other features:
 Protection or Security measures to
prevent unauthorized access
 “Active” processing to take internal
actions on data
 Presentation and Visualization of data

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Data Models
• Data model is collection of concepts for describing data.
• Graphical systems used to capture the nature and
relationships among data.

• Entity
• Relationships

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Relational data Model
• Widely used model today
• Main concept: Relation, a table with rows and columns
• relational data model: organizing data into tables, representing entities as rows, defining attributes as columns, and using keys to uniquely
identify rows and establish relationships between tables.
• While our example only has one table, in a real-world scenario, we might have multiple tables (e.g., "Courses," "Teachers") linked by common attributes or keys (e.g.,
"StudentID" in "Courses" table linking to "Students" table). These relationships help in querying and retrieving related data efficiently.

StudentID Name Age Grade

1 Alice 12 7
2 Bob 11 6
3 Charlie 13 8

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Example
• Part of a UNIVERSITY environment.
• Some entities:
- STUDENTs
- COURSEs
- SECTIONs (of COURSEs)
- (academic) DEPARTMENTs
- INSTRUCTORs
• Some relationships:
- SECTIONs are of specific COURSEs
- COURSEs have prerequisite COURSEs
- INSTRUCTORs teach SECTIONs
- COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs
- STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs

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26
Define UNIVERSITY database

Structure of the record

STUDENT ( Name , Number, Class, Major)
COURSE ( Name , Number, Credit, Dept.)

Data type of data element

Name: a string of characters
Number: integer
Grade: {A,B,C,D,F,I}
…..

Constraints
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The sections that students take must be taught by some instructors.
Construct UNIVERSITY database
Store data on storage medium
-store data for each student, course, section, grade repot, prerequisite
records in various files may be related to one another

Manipulate UNIVERSITY database

Query:
Retrieve the transcript ( a list of all courses and grades) of Smith.
Update:
Create a new section for the database course for this semester. 28
The concept of a shared organizational
database
Management Marketing

Product
Planning Control Sales
Development

Corporate
Database

Accounting Manufacturing

29
Accounts Accounts
Scheduling Production
Receivable Payable
File Processing Systems
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Library Examination Registration

Data Data Data
Files Files Files 30

Program and Data Interdependence

 File Processing Systems

Library Examination Registration

Reg_Number Reg_Number Reg_Number
Name Name Name
Father Name Address Father Name
Books Issued Class Phone
Fine Semester Address
Grade Class

31
The concept of a shared organizational
database
Management Marketing

Product
Planning Control Sales
Development

Corporate
Database

Accounting Manufacturing

32
Accounts Accounts
Scheduling Production
Receivable Payable
Disadvantages of File Processing
• Program-Data Dependence
All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
• Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)
Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
• Limited Data Sharing
No centralized control of data
• Lengthy Development Times
Programmers must design their own file formats
• Excessive Program Maintenance
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80% of information systems budget
Figure: Three file processing systems at Pine Valley
Furniture
Duplicate
Data

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 Problems with Data Dependency
 Each application programmer must maintain their
own data
 Each application program needs to include code for
the metadata of each file
 Each application program must have its own
processing routines for reading, inserting, updating
and deleting data
 Lack of coordination and central control
 Non-standard file formats
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Problems with Data
Redundancy
• Waste of space to have duplicate data
• Causes more maintenance headaches
• The biggest Problem:
• When data changes in one file, could cause
inconsistencies
• Compromises data integrity
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SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach
• Central repository of shared data
• Data is managed by a controlling agent
• Stored in a standardized, convenient form

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

37
 Advantages of Database Approach
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Database
Management
System

- Data Sharing - Data Independence

- Controlled Redundancy University - Better Data Integrity
38
Students
Database
Why use a DBMS
• Program-Data Independence
• Metadata stored in DBMS, so applications don’t need to worry about
data formats
• Data queries/updates managed by DBMS so programs don’t need to
process data access routines
• Results in: increased application development and maintenance
productivity

• Minimal Data Redundancy

• Leads to increased data integrity/consistency

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Advantages of Database Approach
• Improved Data Sharing
• Different users get different views of the data
• Enforcement of Standards
• All data access is done in the same way
• Improved Data Quality
• Constraints, data validation rules
• Better Data Accessibility/ Responsiveness
• Use of standard data query language (SQL)
• Security, Backup/Recovery, Concurrency
• Disaster recovery is easier

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 Costs and Risks of the
Database Approach
• Up-front costs:
• Installation Management Cost and Complexity
• Conversion Costs
• Ongoing Costs
• Requires New, Specialized Personnel
• Need for Explicit Backup and Recovery
• Organizational Conflict
• Old habits die hard

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 Components of database
environment
• CASE Tools – computer-aided software engineering
• Repository – centralized storehouse of metadata
• Database Management System (DBMS) – software for managing the
database
• Database – storehouse of the data
• Application Programs – software using the data
• User Interface – text and graphical displays to users
• Data Administrators – personnel responsible for maintaining the
database
• System Developers – personnel responsible for designing databases
and software
• End Users – people who use the applications and databases
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Figure:
Components
of the
database
environment

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Conversion to database
approach
• Step 1:
Enterprise Data model: Graphical model that shows high level
entities for organization and associations among these
entities.
 Step 2:
Relational Data Model: Defining tables for each entity.
 Step 3:
Implement

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Continued..
• A data model is a collection of concepts for
describing data.
• A schema is a description of a particular collection of
data, using the given data model.
• The relational model of data is the most widely used
model today.
- Main concept: relation, basically a table
with rows and columns.
- Every relation has a schema, which
describes the columns, or fields
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Segment from enterprise
data model

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One customer may place many
orders, but each order is placed
by a single customer
 One-to-many relationship

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Therefore, one order involves
many products and one product
is involved in many orders
 Many-to-many relationship

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Database Users
Users may be divided into those who
actually use and control the content (called
“Actors on the Scene”) and those who
enable the database to be developed and
the DBMS software to be designed and
implemented (called “Workers Behind the
Scene”).

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Database Users
Actors on the scene
 Database administrators: responsible for authorizing
access to the database, for co-ordinating and monitoring
its use, acquiring software, and hardware resources,
controlling its use and monitoring efficiency of
operations.
 Database Designers: responsible to define the content,
the structure, the constraints, and functions or
transactions against the database. They must
communicate with the end-users and understand their
needs.
 End-users: they use the data for queries, reports and
some of them actually update the database content. 50
Categories of End users
• Sophisticated Users: these include business
analysts, scientists, engineers, others thoroughly
familiar with the system capabilities. Many use tools
in the form of software packages that work closely
with the stored database.
• Naive Users: They don’t need to know any details of
structure. They access the database by writing
simple commands or by choosing operations from
menus.

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Workers behind the scene
Persons whose job involves design, development,
operation,and maintenance of the DBMS software and
system environment.
• DBMS designers and implementers: Design and implement
the DBMS software package itself.

• Tool developers: Design and implement tools that

facilitate the use of the DBMS software. Tools include
design tools, performance tools, special interfaces,etc.

• Operators and maintenance personnel: Work on running

and maintaining the hardware and software environment
for the database system.
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Figure
Client/server
system

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The Range of
Database Applications
• Personal Database – standalone desktop database
• Workgroup Database – local area network (<25 users)
• Department Database – local area network (25-100 users)
• Enterprise Database – wide-area network (hundreds or thousands
of users)

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Figure: Typical
data from a
personal
computer
database

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Figure: Workgroup database with local area network

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Figure : An
enterprise
data
warehouse

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Evolution of DB Systems
• Flat files - 1960s - 1980s
• Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s
• Network – 1970s - 1990s
• Relational – 1980s - present
• Object-oriented – 1990s - present
• Object-relational – 1990s - present
• Data warehousing – 1980s - present
• Web-enabled – 1990s - present
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When not to use DBMS
Main costs of using a DBMS:
- High initial investment in hardware, software,training
and possible need for additional hardware.
- Overhead for providing generality, security, recovery, integrity,
and concurrency control.
- Generality that a DBMS provides for defining and processing
data.

When a DBMS may be unnecessary:

- If the database and applications are simple, well defined, and
not
expected to change.
- If there are stringent real-time requirements that may not be
met
because of DBMS overhead. 59
- If access to data by multiple users is not required.
Reference Reading
• Chapter 1

60
Q&A